Resistencia a la insulina | Causas y mecanismos moleculares [Diabetes tipo 2]

Resistencia a la Insulina: Mecanismos Bioquímicos

In this section, the speaker delves into the biochemical mechanisms underlying insulin resistance, focusing on how cells fail to respond appropriately to insulin and exploring the genetic and environmental factors contributing to this condition.

Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance

• **** Cells like adipose tissue and skeletal muscle have insulin receptors that trigger intracellular signaling upon insulin binding.

• **** Proper insulin signaling involves a cascade of events from receptor activation to glucose transporters facilitating glucose uptake for energy or glycogen synthesis.

• **** Insulin resistance occurs when receptors or other components fail to interpret signals correctly in cells like adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

• **** Factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, poor diet, and lack of physical activity can lead to disrupted insulin signaling.

• **** Mutations in the insulin receptor or associated proteins due to genetic inheritance or acquired changes can also contribute to insulin resistance.

Causas de la Resistencia a la Insulina

This section explores various causes of insulin resistance, including mutations in genetic components like the insulin receptor, environmental factors such as oxidative stress and inflammation, and disruptions in cellular organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

Causes of Insulin Resistance

• **** Genetic mutations not only in the insulin receptor but also in other proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways can lead to insulin resistance.

• **** Endoplasmic reticulum stress due to protein synthesis issues can disrupt cellular integrity and contribute to insulin resistance.

• **** Factors like obesity, poor diet, and low physical activity can exacerbate endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to impaired protein formation.

• **** Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress or inflammation can further hinder proper cellular signaling essential for glucose metabolism.

Alteration in Biochemical Processes and the Role of the Liver

The liver plays a crucial role in glucose homeostasis through processes like gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. Insulin signaling failures can lead to severe metabolic issues over time if diabetes is left untreated.

Liver's Role in Glucose Homeostasis

• Alterations in biochemical processes such as gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis highlight the liver's significance in maintaining glucose balance.

• The liver's function is vital for insulin signaling and overall glucose homeostasis.

• Failure in insulin signaling within the liver can result in severe metabolic complications.