Lesson 45. Loose Ends│The Mechanics of Fiction Writing

Avoiding Axioms in Writing

The Debate on Passive Voice

• The discussion begins with a critique of common writing axioms, particularly the advice against using passive voice and adverbs.

• Stephen King argues that the overuse of passive verbs stems from writer insecurity, suggesting that some writers mistakenly believe it lends authority to their work.

• An example is given where passive construction ("The body was carried...") is acceptable but not preferred; active voice is encouraged for stronger writing.

• While active verbs are generally more forceful, there are instances where passive voice serves a purpose, such as focusing on the subject being acted upon.

• Cognitive scientist Steven Pinker supports the utility of passive voice for directing reader focus, illustrating how it shifts attention between subjects.

Understanding When to Use Passive Voice

• An example illustrates how sometimes passive constructions can be more appropriate without losing clarity or focus on important characters.

• Both King and Pinker agree that while consistent use of passive voice weakens writing, it should not be dismissed entirely when used purposefully.

• Writers should maintain control over reader focus; understanding when to use passives can enhance narrative effectiveness.

The Case Against Adverbs

• The conversation shifts to adverbs, which King criticizes as often being a sign of lazy writing that obscures verb choice.

• An example highlights how vague verbs like "went" require adverbs like "quickly," indicating a lack of specificity in word choice.

• Writers have numerous options for precise verbs; relying on adverbs can indicate an unwillingness to choose stronger language.

• Adverbs may serve as crutches for weak verb choices; effective writing demands precision and clarity in action descriptions.

Conclusion: Precision Over Convention

Treading Carefully: The Use of Adverbs in Writing

The Importance of Caution with the Syndicate

• Jet advises caution when dealing with the syndicate, emphasizing that "tread carefully" is a prudent approach.

• Alternative verbs like "tiptoe" or "sneak" lack the connotations necessary to convey the same sentiment as "tread carefully."

Adverbs as Descriptive Tools

• Creatively chosen adverbs can enhance imagery in writing, providing depth that verbs alone may not achieve.

• Examples from Moby Dick illustrate how adverbs like “lurchingly” and “smackingly” vividly depict actions and scenes.

Rhythm and Flow in Sentences

• Adverbs contribute to the rhythm of sentences, often adding syllables that create a pleasing sound structure.

• An example from Melville shows how an adverb enhances both rhythm and description, making a scene more evocative.

Notable Usage by F. Scott Fitzgerald

• Fitzgerald's use of adverbs creates beautiful imagery and rhythm, as seen in his description of two women on a porch.

• The rhythmic quality of his sentences delays reader engagement with the main clause, enhancing the reading experience.

Adverbs in Dialogue Tags

• Stephen King’s aversion to adverbs is noted; however, Fitzgerald effectively uses them to convey subtext within dialogue.

• Examples from The Great Gatsby show how adverbs clarify character emotions and interactions without being intrusive.

Conclusion on Adverb Usage

The Role of Adverbs in Writing

Understanding the Use of Adverbs

• Adverbs can enhance prose by adding rhythm and clarity, making them valuable tools for writers, akin to using a band saw in woodworking.

• Avoiding adverbs entirely is an act of timidity; however, they should not be overused. Balance is key in their application.

Structuring Sentences Effectively

• Keeping the subject close to the verb aids reader comprehension, as it simplifies understanding the relationship between actions and actors.

• A brief interruption can be beneficial if it adds critical context without overwhelming the reader's cognitive load.

Examples of Effective Sentence Structure

• The sentence "Donna, for all her bluster, always comes to a sensible conclusion" emphasizes Donna effectively by placing her first.

• In contrast, rephrasing it to "For all her bluster, Donna always comes to a sensible conclusion" weakens the emphasis on Donna.

Avoiding Complex Subjects

The Problem with Endless Subjects

• Long and convoluted subjects can confuse readers; an example illustrates how complex noun phrases hinder clarity.

• Simplifying sentences enhances readability: "After all the trouble he’d caused them, Constance couldn’t fathom that Cynthia would allow Thomas back into their lives."

Key Takeaways for Writers