CONGRESO DE VIENA, LIBERALISMO Y NACIONALISMO EN EL SIGLO XIX (1814-1870)

Introduction to the Island of Santa Elena

The speaker mentions that they are currently on the island of Santa Elena on May 5, 1821, to witness a historic moment.

Arriving at the Island

• The speaker states that they are currently on the island of Santa Elena.

• It is mentioned that they are there to witness a historic moment.

Expectation of Being Left Alone

The speaker expresses their belief that they will be left alone.

Anticipating Solitude

• The speaker believes that they will be left alone.

• They express their expectation of being left alone.

Reflection on Napoleon's Legacy

The speaker reflects on Napoleon's legacy and describes it as a long history tainted by failure. They express their desire to study his figure further.

Reflection on Napoleon's Legacy

• The speaker describes Napoleon's legacy as a long history marked by failure.

• They express their intention to study his figure more closely.

Mentioning Past Interactions with Someone at Home

The speaker mentions someone who visited their house and expresses interest in starting a YouTube channel together.

Recalling Past Interaction

• The speaker mentions that the last time this person was at their house, they discussed starting a YouTube channel together.

• They express interest in pursuing this idea further.

Ending Current Task and Moving Forward

The speaker concludes their current task related to documenting Napoleon's death and plans to start a new video focusing on what happened after this historical moment.

Concluding Current Task and Moving Forward

• The speaker states that they have finished their task of documenting Napoleon's death.

• They express their intention to start a new video exploring what happened after this historical moment.

Returning to the Present

The speaker mentions that they are returning to the present.

Transitioning Back to the Present

• The speaker states that they are now returning to the present.

• They indicate a shift in focus from the past to the present.

Technical Issue with Apple Devices

The speaker encounters technical difficulties with an Apple device and expresses frustration.

Technical Issue with Apple Device

• The speaker mentions experiencing technical difficulties with an Apple device.

• They express frustration about the issue.

Resuming After Technical Issue

The speaker resumes their narration after resolving the technical issue.

Resuming After Technical Issue

• The speaker indicates that they can now continue without any further issues.

• They resume their narration.

Remodeling Europe after Napoleon's Defeats

The speaker discusses how European powers, following Napoleon's defeats, reshaped Europe and aimed to restore absolute monarchies and old social structures through agreements made at the Congress of Vienna.

Remodeling Europe after Napoleon's Defeats

• European powers, including Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain, gathered at the Congress of Vienna.

• Their objective was to restore absolute monarchies and old social structures in Europe.

• Agreements were made to reinstate major monarchies such as France (under Louis XVIII) and Spain (under Ferdinand VII).

Objectives of Congress of Vienna

The speaker explains the objectives of the Congress of Vienna, which included restoring absolute power to monarchies and reshaping European borders.

Objectives of Congress of Vienna

• The main objective was to restore absolute power to major monarchies that Napoleon had overthrown.

• Another objective was to restore the social and economic structures of the old regime.

• European borders were also redefined, creating new states like the Netherlands, Switzerland, and others.

Reshaping Europe after Napoleon's Fall

The speaker describes how European powers redistributed territories and created new states in order to prevent a potential French expansion.

Reshaping Europe after Napoleon's Fall

• To prevent a potential French expansion, new states called "barrier countries" were created, including the Netherlands and Belgium.

• Powers such as Prussia gained territories in the Confederation of the Rhine.

• Austria acquired significant territories in the Balkans.

• The Russian Empire gained control over Finland, Poland, and Bessarabia.

Creation of German Confederation

The speaker mentions the creation of the German Confederation as a shared sovereignty between Prussia and Austria.

Creation of German Confederation

• The German Confederation was formed by German states with shared sovereignty between Prussia and Austria.

British Control over Strategic Territories

The speaker highlights how Great Britain gained control over strategic territories like Malta and the Ionian Islands.

British Control over Strategic Territories

• Although Great Britain did not acquire large continental territories, they gained control over significant trade routes such as Malta and the Ionian Islands.

Formation of the Holy Alliance

The speaker explains how the major powers formed the Holy Alliance, an agreement to create a common army to prevent future revolutions or anti-absolutist wars.

Formation of the Holy Alliance

• The major powers (Austria, Russia, and Prussia) agreed to form the Holy Alliance.

• The purpose was to create a common army to prevent new revolutions or anti-absolutist wars.

Liberal Revolutions in Europe

The speaker mentions that liberal revolutions emerged across Europe in the 19th century, aiming to overthrow absolutism and establish governments based on freedom and national sovereignty.

Liberal Revolutions in Europe

• A series of liberal revolutions erupted across Europe.

• Their objectives were to overthrow absolutism established by the Congress of Vienna and establish governments based on freedom and national sovereignty.

Rise of Liberalism and Nationalism

The speaker introduces two major ideas that spread across Europe after Napoleon's era: liberalism and nationalism.

Rise of Liberalism and Nationalism

• Liberalism emerged during the Enlightenment period and spread through revolutionary processes like the American Revolution and French Revolution.

• Many political parties today consider themselves heirs of liberal ideas based on individual freedom, constitutional

Revolutions of 1820 and the Congress of Vienna

This section discusses the revolutions of 1820, which aimed to fight against the Congress of Vienna. These revolutions were often led by the army known as the Holy Alliance. In 1830, a new revolutionary spirit emerged in Europe due to an economic crisis.

Revolutions of 1820 and their Focus

• The revolutions of 1820 were directed against the Congress of Vienna.

• The Holy Alliance, previously mentioned as an army, played a significant role in these revolutions.

• In 1830, a new wave of revolutionary spirit emerged in Europe due to an economic crisis.

Economic Crisis and Liberal Revolutions

This section highlights how a fundamental economic crisis led to liberal revolutions in Europe. These revolutions demanded systematic changes and various freedoms.

Causes and Impact of Economic Crisis

• A severe economic crisis affected Europe during this period.

• The crisis resulted in demands for systematic changes and increased liberties.

Artistic Representation: Liberty Leading the People

This section mentions "Liberty Leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix as a famous artistic representation associated with this revolutionary period. It can be found at the Louvre Museum in Paris.

Notable Artwork

• "Liberty Leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix is a renowned artwork representing this revolutionary era.

• The painting is displayed at the Louvre Museum in Paris.

Revolutions of 1848: Inclusion of Working Class

This section discusses the revolutions of 1848, which saw participation not only from the bourgeoisie but also from workers demanding improvements in their living conditions.

Expansion of Revolutionary Participants

• The revolutions of 1848 witnessed involvement from a significant number of people across Europe.

• The working class and lower classes joined the revolutions, demanding better living conditions.

Limited Political Impact of Revolutions

This section explains that although the revolutionary processes were intense and challenging to suppress for absolute powers, they did not achieve their political objectives. However, these revolutions did bring about significant long-term changes in Europe's political and social order.

Limited Political Results

• The revolutionary processes did not lead to substantial political changes in Europe.

• However, they had a significant impact on shaping the future political and social order.

Rise of Nationalism

This section introduces nationalism as an ideology that emerged in the 19th century. It mentions how Napoleon's conquests and the Congress of Vienna led to various peoples asserting their sovereignty.

Emergence of Nationalism

• Nationalism originated in the 19th century.

• Napoleon's conquests and the Congress of Vienna prompted many peoples to demand their own sovereignty.

Clash between Nationalism and Congress of Vienna

This section discusses how nationalism clashed with the Congress of Vienna's goal to reorganize Europe based on absolutist ideas rather than national sovereignty.

Conflicting Ideologies

• The Congress of Vienna aimed to reorganize Europe based on absolutist principles, disregarding national sovereignty.

• Nationalistic ideas contradicted this approach, leading to conflicts between nationalism and the Congress of Vienna.

Two Types of Nationalism: Separation and Union

This section explains two types of nationalism that emerged in 19th-century Europe: separation nationalism, which sought independence for specific regions from larger states, and union nationalism, which aimed to unite separate territories under one powerful state.

Types of Nationalism

• Separation nationalism: Aims to separate a region from the rest of a state, as seen in Greek nationalism against the Ottoman Empire.

• Union nationalism: Seeks to unite traditionally separate territories with shared identity, such as language or history. Examples include the unification of Germany and Italy.

Unification of Germany and Italy

This section highlights the successful unification of Germany and Italy in 1870. It mentions the Italian territories' attempt to gain independence from Austrian influence and the German Confederation's unification under Prussia's leadership.

Unification Process

• Italy: Various Italian territories sought independence from Austrian control.

• Germany: The German Confederation unified under Prussia's leadership, led by Chancellor Bismarck.

Conclusion and Future Events

This section concludes the discussion on 19th-century Europe, mentioning the emergence of two major countries, Germany and Italy. It also hints at future events like World Wars that will be covered in subsequent videos.

Summary

• The emergence of Germany and Italy marks significant developments in 19th-century Europe.

• Further events, including World Wars, will be explored in upcoming videos.