Temes 2 i 3 V1 Restauració Borbònica i Catalanisme polític

Restauración Borbónica y Catranismo Político

Introducción a los Temas de Historia

• El presentador, Vingudes, introduce las sesiones grabadas sobre la restauración borbónica y el catranismo político en la historia de Segunda Bacheloret.

• Se menciona que estos temas son extensos y se dividirán en pequeños vídeos para facilitar el aprendizaje.

Fases de la Restauración

• La restauración se divide en dos fases:

• La primera fase (1875-1878), marcada por el desastre del 1898, donde España pierde sus últimas colonias.

• La segunda fase (1878-1930), caracterizada por un sistema político alternante entre partidos liberales y conservadores.

Características Fundamentales

• La primera característica es la alternancia política pacífica entre partidos, aunque con una menor participación social.

• La intransigencia social excluye a fuerzas políticas como sindicatos y republicanismo, lo que lleva a periodos de represión del nacionalismo periférico.

Contexto Político Inicial

• Se discuten los eventos políticos desde 1875 hasta 1890, incluyendo el Manifiesto de Sanjurjo redactado por Cánovas del Castillo.

• En este manifiesto se expresa la disposición española para dirigir el país bajo un sistema monárquico moderado.

Proclamación de Alfonso XII

• El general Martínez Campos proclama a Alfonso XII como Rey de España tras un golpe militar en diciembre de 1874.

• Alfonso XII es recibido con entusiasmo popular al llegar a Madrid, marcando así el inicio formal de la restauración borbónica.

Estabilidad Política y Constitución Moderada

• Cánovas del Castillo busca crear una constitución moderada que asegure estabilidad política y establezca un sistema bipartidista entre conservadores y liberales.

• Este sistema se conoce como "turno dinástico" o "turno pacífico", permitiendo una alternancia sin conflictos abiertos.

Guerras Carlistas

• Se aborda la finalización de las guerras carlistas, destacando su importancia en esta etapa histórica.

• Las guerras carlistas defendían tradiciones católicas y regionales principalmente en áreas como Cataluña y Navarra.

Amnistía y Fin del Conflicto Carlista

• En 1875, Alfonso XII promulga una amnistía para integrar a los carlistas al nuevo régimen constitucional.

Evolution of Catalan Carlism and Political Dynamics

Shift Towards Autonomism

• The Catalan Carlism evolved towards more autonomist positions, particularly advocated in the pages of "Diario" and "Correo Catalá," founded in 1876. This shift emphasized resistance against centralist measures imposed by the liberal government while defending traditional privileges.

Political Participation Post-Military Defeat

• Following military defeat, Carlists ceased armed conflict and began participating in political life, aligning themselves to the right within parliamentary structures. Canovas envisioned a bipartite system where two parties alternated power without resorting to military intervention or coups as seen during Isabel II's reign.

Bipartisan System Overview

• The two main parties were the Conservative Party led by Antonio Canovas del Castillo and the Liberal Party associated with Praxedes Mateo Sagasta. Their alternating governance was structured around specific ideological frameworks.

Ideological Foundations of Parties

• The Liberal Party included moderates and progressives, while the Conservative Party attracted aristocrats and upper bourgeoisie. Both parties shared common beliefs in constitutional monarchy and private property but differed significantly on suffrage types.

Suffrage Differences

• The Conservative Party supported a limited suffrage model requiring property ownership (25 pesetas annual contribution), whereas Sagasta's Liberals advocated for universal male suffrage for those over 25 years old, aiming to address social inequalities through reforms.

Social Reform vs. Conservatism

• Canovas' Conservatives maintained a stance favoring social immobility, contrasting with Sagasta's Liberals who sought social reform to mitigate class disparities. This ideological divide influenced their respective approaches to civil liberties expansion.

Church-State Relations

• Canovas proposed a confessional state supporting Catholic Church interests, while Sagasta’s Liberals aimed for a secular society that restricted church influence—highlighting fundamental differences in their societal visions.

Base Social Support of Parties

• The Conservative base comprised aristocracy and high bourgeoisie; conversely, the Liberal base included middle-class professionals such as merchants, bankers, military personnel, and civil servants—reflecting distinct socio-economic foundations.

Electoral System Under Restoration

Democratic Framework Challenges

• Initially framed as democratic with party competition post-elections; however, systemic issues arose when governments faced crises or scandals leading to new elections orchestrated by existing political leaders rather than genuine public choice.

Election Manipulation Tactics

• Opposition leaders often manipulated election processes through decrees dissolving parliaments followed by new elections that consistently favored incumbents due to collusion between local authorities and government ministries—resulting in fraudulent practices.

Corruption Mechanisms: Casquismo

• The restoration era relied heavily on electoral corruption characterized by casquismo—a system where local bosses exerted influence over voters through coercion or persuasion tactics leading to widespread electoral fraud with significant abstention rates (up to 45%).

Encasellat System Explained

• Encasellat involved administrative manipulation where candidates were predetermined by the Ministry of Governance. Local governors collaborated with numerous local bosses (casiques), ensuring vote adjustments aligned with governmental expectations—further entrenching corruption.

Fraudulent Voting Practices

Constitutional Developments in Spain: The 1876 Constitution

Overview of the Political Landscape

• The opposition party consistently won elections by an absolute majority, gaining power repeatedly. This reflects the dynamics of the "turno pacífico" system.

• The 1876 Constitution was characterized as both conservative and flexible, allowing for adaptability amidst conflicts between the Conservative and Liberal parties.

Key Features of the 1876 Constitution

• It recognized civil liberties such as freedom of press, expression, and assembly while establishing a shared sovereignty between the king and government.

• The constitution's article on suffrage was vague, reflecting ongoing disagreements between conservatives and liberals regarding electoral rights.

Centralization and Religion

• Catholicism was declared the state religion; additionally, it emphasized a centralist approach where provincial governments were under strict control from Madrid.

• Historical context reveals that many forces were marginalized within this political system, which primarily exchanged power between two dominant parties.

Emergence of Republican Forces

• Three significant forces emerged outside the traditional political framework: Republicans, Socialists, and Carlists.

Core Principles of Republicanism

• Republicanism is founded on four key principles:

• Establishment of a republic as a form of state.

• Advocacy for social reforms to support disadvantaged groups through state intervention.

• Promotion of scientific education.

• Complete separation between church and state (laicity).

Challenges Faced by Republicans

• During the Restoration period, Republicans faced repression of expression, disillusionment following the First Republic's failure, and internal divisions among various factions.

Social Base Supporting Republicanism

• The social base included small bourgeoisie, middle classes from urban areas, and industrial workers who supported republican ideals.

Factions within Republicanism

• Various factions emerged during this period:

• Partido Republicano Posibilista led by Emilio Castelar integrated into liberal ranks.

• Partido Republicano Progresista sought military insurrection for power acquisition.

• Partido Republicano Centralista aimed for an anti-federal republic without insurrectionary tactics.

• Partido Republicano Federal, prominent in Catalonia advocating federal republicanism.

Evolution from Division to Unity

An Overview of Republicanism and Carlism in Spain

The Context of Republicanism

• Discussion on the limited representation of republican deputies in Congress due to internal divisions and electoral fraud, highlighting the challenges faced by the republican movement.

• The defeat of Carlism in 1876 led to its reorganization, maintaining a presence in certain provinces like Guipúzcoa, Navarra, and Biscay despite the rise of Basque and Catalan nationalism.

Evolution of Carlism

• The Carlist Party under Vázquez de Meía sought modernization with the 1886 Oredán Act, which preserved its Catholic traditionalist character while accepting some liberal capitalist elements.

• A significant portion of the clergy joined Alejandro Pidal's Catholic Union, integrating Carlists into a more liberal system while traditionalists opposed this shift.

Political Dynamics Post-1890

• By 1890, Carlism aimed to transform into a mass party through local assemblies known as "Ser Clascarlins," becoming a political group during Spain's Restoration period.

• Introduction to socialism as an emerging force linked to the International Workers' Association (First International), advocating for worker organization against capitalism.

Key Objectives and Strategies of Socialism

Fundamental Goals

• Socialism aimed at class evolution and transforming private property into collective ownership while empowering working classes politically.

Means to Achieve Goals

• Proposed methods included political freedoms, legal strikes, reduced working hours, prohibition of child labor, and free education as essential strategies for achieving socialist objectives.

Emergence of Socialist Parties

• The Socialist Party founded by Pablo Iglesias in 1879 gained traction primarily in Madrid and Asturias but struggled in Catalonia due to competition from federal republicans and anarchists.

Political Landscape Between 1875 - 1897

Election Outcomes

• Between 1875 and 1897, ten elections were held: six won by conservatives and four by liberals. This period saw alternating governance between conservative Canovas del Castillo (75–83), followed by liberal Sagasta (83–85).

Significant Events

• Notable events included María Cristina's marriage after her first husband's death; her regency was supported by the Pact of El Pardo aimed at stabilizing monarchy amidst rising republican pressures.

Legislative Changes Under Liberal Governance