"EL PAPEL DE LATINOAMÉRICA EN EL NUEVO ORDEN MUNDIAL"

The Role of Latin America in the New World Order

Introduction to the Conference

• The conference targets students from various fields such as administration, international business, human resources, and marketing.

• It aims to enhance academic and professional knowledge by exposing participants to best business practices and insights from key industry players.

Contextualizing Latin America's Position

• The discussion centers on Latin America's significance amid global political and economic changes, including U.S.-China rivalry and the impacts of the pandemic.

• Latin America is highlighted for its strategic natural resources (lithium, copper, water) and its role in food security, energy stability, and global diplomatic relations.

Educational Responsibility

• Understanding Latin America's role in the new world order is framed as a formative responsibility for youth preparing to lead the region's future.

• Knowledge of global dynamics will enable students to better interpret their environment and anticipate trends for a more autonomous and competitive Latin America.

Speaker Background: Julio Yuliano Chávez

• Julio Yuliano Chávez has over 17 years of experience in Peru's Ministry of Foreign Affairs with significant roles that include director positions in various capacities.

• His academic background includes law, international relations, and political science; he is also an active educator and speaker on institutional strengthening.

Engagement with Students

• Students are encouraged to actively participate by preparing a reception of the conference for their professors. Questions will be managed through distributed formats.

• The conference is being streamed via Zoom on YouTube by Universidad San Martín de Porres.

Understanding International Relations

Importance of International Agreements

• Julio emphasizes that international relations significantly impact daily life; decisions made at this level affect everyone globally.

• Examples include agreements facilitating communication technologies or travel between countries which illustrate how interconnected nations are through these accords.

Conceptual Framework: New World Order

• The term "new world order" raises questions about what constitutes this order compared to previous ones.

Understanding Latin American Unity and Diversity

The Concept of Latin American Integration

• The speaker introduces the idea that Latin America is often perceived as a singular entity, despite its diverse cultures and nations.

• There is a natural tendency for Latinos to unite in foreign settings due to shared cultural and linguistic affinities, creating a sense of community.

• While there is a feeling of unity among Latinos, individual countries prioritize their national interests over collective goals when engaging externally.

Political Affinities and National Interests

• Countries in Latin America share common characteristics, principles, and identities; however, they also have distinct political identities shaped by their unique national interests.

• The speaker emphasizes that international relations are driven by interests rather than friendships between states. This principle underlines how alliances are formed based on mutual benefits.

Mechanisms of Integration

• Despite having common challenges and aspirations, the integration mechanisms in Latin America vary from informal forums to structured organizations with regulatory powers.

• Examples include the Alianza del Pacífico (Pacific Alliance), which was initiated by Peru in 2008 alongside Chile, Mexico, and Colombia as an effort towards regional cooperation.

Historical Context of Regional Organizations

• The Comunidad Andina (Andean Community), originally established as the Pacto de Bogotá in 1969, reflects historical efforts at regional integration amidst political changes.

• CELAC (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States), emerging from earlier initiatives like the Grupo de Contadora during conflicts in Central America, illustrates evolving responses to regional issues.

Dynamics of Political Relations

• The speaker notes that integration can be both regional or group-specific depending on the political realities faced by states seeking collaboration.

Understanding Foreign Policy and International Order

Conceptual Foundations of Foreign Policy

• The discussion begins with the importance of clear concepts in communication, emphasizing that misunderstandings can lead to conflicts.

• Foreign policy is defined as the projection of a state's interests onto the international community, aimed at ensuring security, influence, and power.

• States pursue these goals due to the anarchic nature of international society, where no overarching authority exists to regulate interactions.

• International politics is described as a collection of foreign policies from various states; thus, Latin America cannot have a common foreign policy since it comprises multiple sovereign states.

• The term "Latin America" was coined by the French to assert influence over Spanish and Portuguese-speaking regions.

Understanding World Order

• The concept of world order varies widely; it often refers to maintaining stability and preventing chaos among nations.

• A distinction is made between internal order (absence of chaos within states) and global order (how states interact peacefully).

• Reference is made to Thomas Hobbes' idea that humans exist in a state of nature characterized by chaos unless governed by a higher authority or state.

• Unlike domestic settings, there is no single governing body in international relations that enforces laws or norms across all states.

• The International Court of Justice issues rulings but lacks enforcement power; compliance depends on individual states' willingness.

Anarchy and Power Dynamics

• Examples illustrate non-compliance with international rulings, highlighting disparities in power among nations (e.g., Colombia's disregard for ICJ decisions).

• The speaker questions how smaller nations can ensure their rights are upheld without an effective global governing body like the UN Security Council.

• Joseph Nye's perspective suggests that world order may be chaotic yet maintains certain behaviors allowing peaceful coexistence among states.

Understanding the Global Order

Historical Context of World Order

• The discussion begins with a reference to historical world order, questioning its relevance since the 15th century and mentioning the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants.

• The Peace of Westphalia established state sovereignty as a fundamental principle, leading to a balance of power among European states.

Post-World War II Changes

• The end of World War II marked a significant shift in global order with the establishment of the United Nations aimed at maintaining peace.

• The aftermath of WWII altered previous dynamics, leading to ideological blocks during the Cold War: capitalist democracies versus socialist Marxist states.

Non-Aligned Movement and Third World Concept

• Countries like Peru adopted non-alignment strategies during the Cold War to avoid being drawn into either ideological block.

• The term "Third World" originated from Cold War classifications but has become outdated; it referred to developing countries outside the two main blocs.

Emergence of New Global Actors

• After the Cold War, new global actors emerged, including China and regional entities like the European Union, shifting influence away from traditional powers like the U.S.

• Key international organizations such as the UN and IMF play crucial roles in this evolving landscape alongside emerging powers like Russia and India.

Dynamic Nature of Global Power Structures

• Scholar Josef Nye emphasizes that world order is not static; it evolves based on various factors including technology, politics, and ideology affecting power distribution.

• Nye argues that power dynamics are critical in international relations; they dictate actions taken by nations and their ability to prevent external influences.

Reflections on Historical Trends

• Historical trends can radically alter global order; for instance, mistakes made by major powers can lead to shifts in influence.

• Following events like the fall of the Berlin Wall led some theorists to predict an era dominated solely by liberal democracy—a notion later challenged by ongoing geopolitical complexities.

Reconfiguring Global Relations

The Shift from Unilateralism to Multilateralism

The Concept of Unilateralism

• The speaker discusses the dominance of the United States as a global hegemon, emphasizing its unilateral approach in international relations.

• Acknowledgment of the decline of U.S. hegemony and the emergence of new powers leads to a shift towards multilateralism.

Emergence of New Global Actors

• The rise of countries like China and Russia, along with regional players such as Iran and members of BRICS (Brazil, India, South Africa), signifies a transition to a multilateral world order.

• Nicaragua is highlighted as an example where smaller nations are resisting U.S. influence due to support from new global actors.

Changes in Global Trade Dynamics

• The discussion includes how increasing multipolarity is diminishing U.S. hegemony, distinguishing it from imperialism.

• The speaker clarifies that while imperialism may be perceived politically, conceptually it differs from the current state of U.S. power dynamics.

Resurgence of Russia and China's Influence

• The speaker reflects on past comments by President Obama regarding Russia's status as merely a regional power, contrasting it with its current global influence.

• While China is recognized for its economic strength, Russia maintains significant military power and nuclear capabilities.

Economic Interdependence and Global Challenges

• Discussion on evolving economic interdependence through global supply chains; nearshoring becomes more prevalent compared to offshoring.

• Transnational challenges such as cybersecurity and environmental issues are framed within political contexts, highlighting their significance in international relations.

Political Agendas and Technological Revolution

• Reference to Agenda 2030 illustrates differing political agendas among states; opposition arises against previously accepted ideas under unilateralism.

• Emphasis on technological advancements like digitalization and artificial intelligence shaping future geopolitical landscapes.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence

• AI's role in information dominance is discussed; examples include academic integrity issues arising from students using AI tools for assignments.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Global Power Dynamics

Importance of Human Oversight in AI

• The speaker emphasizes the necessity for humans to be more intelligent than artificial intelligence (AI), as AI is based on pre-existing information input by others.

• A practical example is given using Grock, where users are encouraged to question the biases present in AI-generated information.

Power Dynamics and International Relations

• Control over AI equates to power; those who manage AI systems hold significant influence in international relations.

• The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine illustrates a contradiction to the United Nations' founding principles aimed at preventing conflict.

Impact of Sanctions and Alliances

• Sanctions against Russia affect global politics, influencing alliances such as the unexpected partnership between China and Russia.

• New geopolitical alignments challenge traditional power structures, with countries forming coalitions that were previously deemed unlikely.

Shifts in Economic Policies

• Recent trade negotiations among China, Japan, and Korea highlight changing economic dynamics amidst rising protectionism from the U.S. under President Trump.

• The shift towards protectionist policies contrasts with China's newfound role as a champion of free trade.

Latin America's Position in Global Politics

• Latin America represents 7.3% of global GDP; increased Chinese investment poses both opportunities and challenges for regional politics.

• The potential militarization of strategic locations like the Panama Canal raises concerns about security amid organized crime challenges.

Strategic Considerations for Latin America

• Countries must navigate their positions carefully within a new world order reminiscent of 19th-century power balances.

Democracy and Integration in Latin America

Challenges to Democracy

• The speaker highlights the fragility of democracy in Peru and the broader Latin American region, noting a historical lack of robust democratic systems.

• There is a concern about the rise of populism, which may exploit existing conflicts and economic hardships prevalent in Latin America.

Economic Diversification

• Emphasizes the need for countries like Peru to diversify economically, avoiding alignment with any single global power.

• Discusses how U.S. control is increasing in regions like Mexico and Panama, affecting investment flows due to rising uncertainty.

Global Investment Dynamics

• The recent influx of over a trillion dollars from Middle Eastern investments into the U.S. raises questions about its implications for Latin America.

• The speaker stresses that individual countries like Peru or Chile have minimal influence globally; thus, regional integration is essential for greater international weight.

Ideological Differences

• Acknowledges that ideological and political differences among Latin American nations hinder unified responses on global issues.

• Points out that external perceptions often oversimplify these nations as homogenous despite their distinct identities and conflicts.

Strategic Opportunities

• Suggests viewing current challenges as opportunities for improvement, urging strategic national and regional actions to enhance presence on the world stage.

Questions on Regional Integration

Student Inquiry on BRICS Inclusion

• A student questions why BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China) sought to include Venezuela despite political tensions within Latin America.

Political Nature of Decisions

• The speaker responds by emphasizing that all international relations decisions are inherently political; resources alone do not dictate alliances.

Emergence of New Powers

Impact of Sanctions on Russia and Global Shifts

The Context of Sanctions Against Russia

• The speaker highlights that no other country faces as many sanctions as the Russian Federation, particularly emphasizing restrictions on using the SWIFT system for international transfers.

• Other nations observing these sanctions may seek alternatives to avoid similar fates, especially emerging countries with growing power.

The Rise of BRICS and Alternative Alliances

• Venezuela's absence from BRICS is noted, despite its invitation to join; nine new countries have recently become partners in BRICS, indicating a shift towards greater influence.

• The discussion touches on the evolving global order where countries are increasingly willing to challenge the dominance of the dollar and decisions made by Western powers.

Economic Growth and Political Decisions

• China's significant economic growth is linked to its changing political stance under Xi Jinping, moving from an inward focus to a more expansive global projection.

• Latin America's integration with China reflects shared affinities but also highlights political divergences affecting regional cooperation.

Historical Context: UNASUR and Regional Integration Efforts

• UNASUR's formation under Hugo Chávez aimed at regional unity among ideologically aligned leaders but faced challenges due to differing national interests.

• An anecdote about Evo Morales' flight incident illustrates how political dynamics within UNASUR led to urgent meetings against perceived neo-colonialism, showcasing internal conflicts over consensus-building.

Transitioning from UNASUR to New Initiatives

• Despite attempts to convene official meetings within UNASUR, lack of consensus often hindered progress; this reflects broader issues in regional governance structures.

• Following UNASUR's decline, initiatives like Prosur emerged aiming for pragmatic collaboration rather than ideological alignment.

Conclusion and Acknowledgments

Contextual Learning and Recognition

Importance of Context in Education

• Emphasizes the necessity to understand various contexts—national, regional, and global—to enhance educational experiences.

• Suggests reviewing conferences as a means to leverage additional learning opportunities provided by guest collaborators.

• Highlights the value added through collaboration with peers who contribute voluntarily to student education.

Acknowledgment of Contributions

• Concludes the session with a formal recognition from the dean for contributions made towards student formation.

• Presents a diploma as a testament to the individual's impact on students, symbolizing appreciation for their efforts.