Nomenclatura de ácidos carboxílicos

Naming Carboxylic Acids

Introduction to Carboxylic Acids

• The video introduces carboxylic acids, highlighting their importance as organic compounds characterized by the carboxyl functional group.

• The carboxyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH), essential for classifying a compound as a carboxylic acid.

Identifying Carboxylic Acids

• A comparison is made between similar compounds; only the one with the carboxyl group at the end of the carbon chain qualifies as a carboxylic acid.

• It is noted that representations of the carboxyl group may vary in literature, but two common forms will be used in this video.

Nomenclature Basics

• Many carboxylic acids have traditional names based on their origins; for example, formic acid comes from "formica," referring to ants where it was first discovered.

• The video emphasizes using IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming linear carboxylic acids, which are similar to those for alkanes.

Naming Linear Carboxylic Acids

• The name of a linear acid includes three components: "acid," the root indicating carbon count, and the suffix "-oic." For instance, five carbons yield pentanoic acid.

• Another example illustrates that an acid with ten carbons is named decanoic acid after counting its carbon atoms and identifying its structure.

Naming Branched Carboxylic Acids

• For branched acids, identify the main chain containing the most carbons including the carboxyl group.

• An example shows how to name 3-methylbutanoic acid by identifying substituents alphabetically and indicating their positions relative to the main chain.

Special Cases in Nomenclature

• When dealing with non-linear structures or when finding chains isn't straightforward, all possible configurations should be checked before naming.

• An example demonstrates determining whether an acid has three or six carbons based on branching direction from the carboxyl group's position.

Cyclic Compounds and Double Bonds

• In cyclic compounds, naming involves adding "carboxylic" after specifying cycloalkane roots. For instance, cyclopentanoic acid indicates five corners in its structure.

• If there are substituents like butyl groups attached to cyclic structures, they must be numbered correctly while maintaining priority for numbering from where the carboxyl group attaches.

Understanding Functional Groups and Naming Compounds

Priority of Functional Groups

• It is crucial to understand that when combining two functional groups, one takes precedence over the other. The carboxylic acid group is at the top of the priority list for functional groups.

Naming the Compound

• When naming a compound, start counting from the left side, prioritizing the carboxyl group. This allows for accurate identification of the compound's structure.

• The main carbon chain must be identified; in this case, with four carbons present, "but" serves as the root name.

Indicating Structural Features

• To complete the name, indicate both the presence of a double bond and the carboxylic acid. For example:

• A four-carbon alkane is called butane.

• With a double bond, it becomes butene.

• If it’s an acid with single bonds only, it’s butanoic acid; with a double bond, it's butenoic acid.