The French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), Explained [APUSH Review]

Understanding the French and Indian War

Introduction to the Time Period

• The discussion begins with an engaging introduction, emphasizing the importance of understanding the causes and effects of the French and Indian War (1754-1800).

• Tensions between American colonies and Great Britain escalated due to restrictions on westward migration into the Ohio River Valley.

Causes of Conflict

• British concerns included potential conflicts with indigenous groups in the Ohio River Valley as colonists ignored migration prohibitions.

• Another fear was conflict with France, which claimed territory in that region. This tension ultimately led to war.

George Washington's Role

• The inciting incident for the war involved George Washington, who confronted French forces encroaching on British territory but faced defeat.

• This skirmish marked the beginning of what would escalate into a larger conflict known as the Seven Years' War.

Alliances Formed

• To combat French encroachment, Britain sought alliances with American Indians through the Albany Congress.

• Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan for colonial unity at this congress, which ultimately failed due to resistance from both colonial leaders and British authorities.

Outcome of the War

• Despite initial setbacks, Britain won due to its significant population advantage over France in North America.

• The signing of the Peace of Paris in 1763 drastically altered North America's territorial map, leading to Spain ceding Florida to Britain while France relinquished territories west of Mississippi River.

Consequences for Colonists

Colonial Tensions and Indigenous Resistance

The Impact of British Colonization on American Indians

• The influx of colonists into American Indian territories led to significant resistance from various indigenous groups, who were unhappy with the encroachment on their lands.

• Pontiac, an indigenous leader, united Ottawa, Padawati, and Huron tribes to combat British expansion through coordinated attacks against settlements.

Colonial Response and British Policy

• As news of these attacks spread, British colonists retaliated indiscriminately against all American Indians, which frustrated Britain due to the lack of distinction between allies and foes.

• In response to escalating conflicts in the Ohio River Valley and financial strain from the Seven Years War, Britain issued the Proclamation of 1763, prohibiting westward migration beyond the Appalachian Mountains. This move was deeply unpopular among colonists who felt entitled to that land after fighting for it.

Economic Strain on Great Britain

• Britain's victory over France came at a high cost; their national debt doubled during the war while costs associated with managing colonial affairs increased fivefold due to population growth and ongoing border conflicts with American Indians.