Erik ERIKSON | 🔴 Teoría DEL DESARROLLO PSICOSOCIAL | Resumen con ejemplos fácil

Crisis de Identidad y Teoría del Desarrollo Psicosocial

Introducción a la Crisis de Identidad

• La crisis de identidad se refiere a conflictos internos donde las personas enfrentan preguntas sobre su identidad, deseos y lugar en el mundo.

• Erik Erikson, debido a sus orígenes mixtos y experiencias de discriminación, luchó por encontrar una identidad clara, lo que lo llevó a explorar diferentes culturas.

Influencias en la Teoría de Erikson

• Erikson se interesó en la psicología y el psicoanálisis tras trabajar con niños con dificultades de aprendizaje en Viena.

• Estudió psicoanálisis bajo Sigmund Freud, aplicando sus ideas al trabajo con niños, lo que influyó en su desarrollo teórico.

Conceptos Clave de la Teoría Psicosocial

• La teoría del desarrollo psicosocial modifica la teoría psicosexual de Freud al integrar componentes sociales y culturales.

• El desarrollo es un proceso continuo que abarca desde la infancia hasta la vejez, adaptándose a las circunstancias cambiantes.

El "Yo" en la Teoría Psicosocial

• Para Erikson, el "Yo" es central; actúa como mediador entre impulsos internos y demandas externas.

• Un "Yo" saludable implica resolver crisis psicosociales exitosamente para mantener una identidad coherente.

Crisis Psicosociales: Oportunidades para el Crecimiento

• Las crisis son momentos clave que representan desafíos necesarios para un desarrollo saludable; su resolución positiva permite avanzar hacia etapas posteriores.

Understanding Early Childhood Development

Trust vs. Mistrust Stage

• Human babies rely on caregivers for food, protection, and survival; early experiences shape their worldview.

• A predominant sense of trust leads to the development of hope, enabling babies to believe they can meet their needs and desires.

• Caregivers must be gentle, sensitive, and consistent to foster a foundation of trust in infants.

• Lack of loving care may result in mistrust, leading children to perceive the world as unfriendly and unpredictable.

• The Trust vs. Mistrust stage is crucial for establishing self-trust and confidence in relationships.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Stage

• This stage occurs from 12/18 months to 3 years, where children begin exploring independence and control over actions.

• Children develop autonomy by making age-appropriate decisions; support fosters self-confidence.

• For instance, allowing a child to choose their clothing promotes pride in their achievements and strengthens autonomy.

• Overprotective parenting or criticism can lead to feelings of shame or doubt about one's abilities.

• Parents should encourage exploration while also knowing when not to promote certain behaviors that could induce shame.

Initiative vs. Guilt Stage

• Occurring between ages 3 to 6 during preschool, this stage involves active exploration and initiative in play.

• Children develop creativity and curiosity; they feel motivated to learn new skills independently.

• Approval from adults reinforces positive initiative; however, constant criticism can lead to guilt over their actions.

• A child with purpose feels capable of facing challenges when encouraged in their explorations by caregivers.

Laboriosidad vs. Inferioridad: Desarrollo Infantil

Overview of the Stage

• The stage of laboriosidad (industry) vs. inferioridad occurs between ages 6 and 12, where children face new school and social demands.

• Children seek to demonstrate their competence and skills, feeling motivated to engage in tasks like completing homework or participating in sports.

• Support and recognition from adults can foster a sense of industriousness; lack thereof may lead to feelings of inferiority.

Impact on Self-Esteem

• Positive reinforcement helps children develop self-confidence, while constant criticism can harm their self-esteem and motivation.

• Successful navigation through this stage leads to a sense of competence; failure may result in feelings of inadequacy.

Identidad vs. Confusión: Adolescencia

Exploration of Identity

• This stage spans ages 12 to 18, where adolescents explore personal identity by resolving key issues such as career choices, personal values, and sexual identity.

• Successful resolution leads to the virtue of fidelity—loyalty towards friends or ideologies—while confusion is common during this period.

Consequences of Identity Crisis

• A degree of identity confusion is normal; it explains chaotic adolescent behavior including group exclusivity and intolerance.

• Erikson shares his own experience with identity crisis lasting until age 25 or 26 due to cultural context influencing development.

Intimidad vs. Aislamiento: Adultez Temprana

Establishing Relationships

• This stage occurs from ages 18 to 40, focusing on forming intimate relationships. Failure to do so risks emotional isolation.

• Individuals must balance intimacy with professional competitiveness; meaningful relationships require sacrifices and commitments.

Outcomes of Relationship Development

• Success in establishing intimate connections results in love as a virtue; failure can lead to emotional isolation and difficulties in trusting others.

Generativity vs. Stagnation: A Key Stage in Adulthood

Understanding Generativity

• Erikson describes the stage of generativity versus stagnation, which occurs between ages 40 and 65. Individuals are motivated to contribute positively to future generations through various roles such as parents, mentors, or community leaders.

• Active interest in the well-being of others is crucial during this stage. Contributions can manifest through parenting, education support, volunteering, professional careers, or caring for family members.

• The virtue developed during this stage is care. For instance, a person who finds fulfillment in mentoring or raising children exemplifies generativity and the virtue of care.

Consequences of Stagnation

• If individuals fail to achieve care and experience stagnation, they may feel trapped in monotony without a clear sense of purpose or contribution.

• Successful development of generativity leads to satisfaction and a sense of connection with something greater than oneself; conversely, stagnation results in feelings of dissatisfaction and lack of achievement.

Integrity vs. Despair: Reflection in Old Age

Evaluating Life Achievements

• The final stage is integrity versus despair, starting at age 65. Older adults reflect on their lives to assess if they have achieved fulfillment and satisfaction.

• Wisdom emerges from accepting one's life without significant regrets—embracing imperfections within oneself and relationships rather than dwelling on "what could have been."

Impact of Failure to Achieve Wisdom

• Without achieving wisdom, individuals may experience despair characterized by regret over missed opportunities or unfulfilled dreams.

• This despair can lead to difficulties accepting aging and mortality while fostering hopelessness about making meaningful changes late in life.

Differences Between Erikson's and Freud's Theories

Fundamental Differences

• Erikson contrasts his psychosocial theory with Freud’s psychosexual focus. While Freud emphasized sexual drives as primary motivators for development, Erikson highlights social and emotional factors throughout the lifespan.

• Unlike Freud's emphasis on early childhood experiences shaping personality formation, Erikson includes developmental crises across all life stages from infancy to old age.

Cultural Influences

• Erikson acknowledges cultural influences on human development that Freud largely overlooked. His psychosocial theory considers societal impacts on identity formation.

Therapeutic Approaches: Contrasting Methods

Therapeutic Focus

• Freud developed classical psychoanalytic therapy focused on unconscious exploration; however, Erikson emphasizes developmental-centered therapy using techniques like play therapy addressing psychosocial crises for healthy growth.

Similarities Between Theories

• Despite differences, both theorists recognize the importance of unconscious motivations influencing behavior. They also agree that early life experiences significantly impact later psychological development.

Comparisons Between Freud and Erikson's Theories

Nature of Conflicts

• Freud focused on psychosexual conflicts, while Erikson emphasized psychosocial crises. Both theorists agreed that resolving internal conflicts is essential for healthy development.

Stages of Development

• Both Freud and Erikson proposed a sequence of developmental stages, each with unique tasks and challenges that influence personality formation and psychological well-being.

Contributions to Psychology

• Erikson's theories have significantly impacted various fields such as clinical psychology, educational psychology, and developmental psychology by highlighting the importance of crises, identity, and cultural influences.

Critiques of Erikson's Theory

• Critics argue that Erikson’s fixed-stage approach may oversimplify human development and overlook individual variability. Concerns include reliance on limited case studies and insufficient empirical evidence.

Complexity in Development