🔴 DAVID AUSUBEL | Teoría del APRENDIZAJE SIGNIFICATIVO | Resumen con ejemplos | Fácil

Why Do We Forget What We Learn?

The Problem of Memorization in Education

• Psychologists and educators in the 1960s and 70s questioned why students quickly forget what they memorize, noting that traditional Prussian education focused on exam preparation.

• The cognitive revolution, led by thinkers like Bruner, Piaget, and Vygotsky, prompted a shift towards understanding how learning occurs beyond rote memorization.

Introduction to Ausubel's Theory

• David Ausubel introduced the theory of meaningful learning as a response to behaviorism's dominance in education.

• His theory emphasizes that understanding concepts is rooted in deductive reasoning and heavily influenced by prior knowledge.

The Role of Prior Knowledge

Building Knowledge Networks

• Ausubel asserts that new knowledge is constructed upon existing concepts; for example, a child must understand what a tree is before grasping the concept of a forest.

• This foundational knowledge allows students to create networks of information where new ideas can be integrated effectively.

Reception vs. Discovery Learning

Preference for Reception Learning

• Ausubel favors reception learning over discovery learning, arguing it is more effective in classroom settings when information is presented clearly and logically.

• Teachers should organize material using hierarchies and clear structures rather than the disorganized formats often found in textbooks.

Concept Maps as Educational Tools

Evolution of Conceptual Mapping

• Alongside Joseph Novak, Ausubel developed concept maps to enhance information presentation by illustrating relationships between ideas.

• These tools have evolved into mind maps and mnemonic devices that facilitate meaningful learning experiences.

Understanding Meaningful Learning

Definition and Importance

• Meaningful learning occurs when students connect new information with relevant pre-existing knowledge, enhancing retention through emotional engagement.

Example of Meaningful Learning

• An example provided involves teaching parabolic motion through the lens of playing Angry Birds, making physics relatable and engaging for students.

Teacher's Role in Facilitating Learning

Essential Requirements for Effective Teaching

• For meaningful learning to take place, teachers must fulfill three key requirements:

• Motivation: Understanding contextual factors influencing student engagement.

• Logical Significance: Ensuring clarity and organization in presented material.

Understanding Subsumption in Learning

The Role of Cognitive Structure in Learning

• New information must be substantially related to prior knowledge for meaningful learning. It acts as a subsumer, anchoring new concepts to existing cognitive structures.

• Dr. Ausubel identifies two types of subsumers: correlative subsumption (where new material extends known concepts) and derivative subsumption (where new relationships or knowledge emerge from existing structures).

• An example of correlative subsumption is understanding multiplication through addition; one cannot grasp multiplication without first knowing addition.

• Derivative subsumption allows for the creation of entirely new concepts, expanding or altering previous understandings based on newly acquired information.

Types of Learning: Meaningful vs. Rote

• In cases where learners encounter completely unfamiliar material, rote memorization occurs, which can eventually contribute to building a new cognitive structure for future meaningful learning.

• Both meaningful and rote learning are necessary depending on the context; rote learning lacks prior connections, leading to arbitrary memorization.

Language's Importance in Learning

• Language plays a crucial role in Ausubel's theory as it facilitates interaction between students and teachers, impacting the effectiveness of meaningful learning experiences.

Types of Meaningful Learning

1. Learning by Representations

• This involves understanding symbols or words' meanings, forming the foundation for further types of learning. For instance, explaining complex terms like "hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia" assigns meaning to previously abstract symbols.

2. Learning by Concepts

• This type focuses on identifying common attributes within categories (e.g., dogs having four legs). It emphasizes generalizing traits across various instances regardless of specific differences.

3. Learning by Propositions

• This entails comprehending ideas expressed through combinations of words and requires prior knowledge about each word's implicit meanings. Contextual understanding is essential for accurate interpretation.

Practical Applications in Education

• Teachers should introduce broad themes before delving into specifics, progressively differentiating details to enhance comprehension.

Understanding Educational Procedures

Importance of Repeated Procedures in Learning

• The discussion emphasizes the necessity of repeating educational procedures as one progresses through increasingly difficult topics, highlighting a methodical approach to learning.

• Dr. Ausubel's contributions to psychology and education are acknowledged, showcasing his influence on teaching methodologies.

• The video encourages viewers to engage with additional content from the channel "engrama," promoting further exploration of psychological theories.

• Viewers are invited to leave comments for any questions they may have, fostering an interactive learning environment.