10.Impacto de la información generada: Uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la vigilancia de la RAM

Antimicrobial Resistance: Key Insights and Strategies

Introduction to Antimicrobial Resistance

• The course aims to summarize significant learnings regarding antimicrobial resistance, emphasizing the incorporation of these principles into surveillance and research activities.

Importance of Antibiotics

• Antibiotics are essential medications with a wide range of applications, including treating bacterial infections, preventing surgical infections, and aiding immunocompromised patients.

Global Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance

• Preventing a future without antibiotics is crucial for global public health; this challenge is one of humanity's greatest in the current century.

• In 2015, all countries signed a global agreement proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Surveillance and Research Significance

• Surveillance research provides critical information for decision-making in various areas, particularly in therapeutic contexts to guide treatment against resistant bacterial infections.

• Identifying resistance mechanisms and their dissemination is vital for advancing containment strategies against antimicrobial resistance.

Case Studies on Regulation Changes

• Research in animal production has led many countries to prohibit antibiotics as growth promoters due to associated risks.

• Excessive antibiotic use in human medicine correlates with emerging resistant strains; thus, stricter regulations on prescription practices are necessary.

Regional Actions Against Antibiotic Use

• Countries like Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, and Uruguay have banned colistin use in aquaculture to protect public health since it is deemed critically important by WHO.

Patterns of Dissemination

• Surveillance helps identify temporal-spatial patterns of gene dissemination related to resistance and multi-resistant bacteria phenotypes.

Priority Bacterial Species

• The WHO identifies several priority bacterial species posing threats globally. Notable examples include:

• Gram-negative: E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae

Collaborative Efforts Needed

• There’s an evident need for collaboration among academic institutions and government sectors (healthcare, agriculture, environment), focusing on a One Health approach to tackle antimicrobial resistance effectively.

Institutional Framework for Collaboration

• The tripartite collaboration between WHO, OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health), and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) serves as a global reference point under the One Health framework.

Guidelines for Action

The Role of Environment in Antimicrobial Resistance

Environmental Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance

• The environment serves as a reservoir and vehicle for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the need for integrated surveillance strategies that adhere to a One Health approach.

• Monitoring antimicrobial resistance in environmental samples is crucial for understanding its spread and developing effective containment strategies.

Importance of Public Access to Research Data

• Emphasizing the necessity for public access to information generated from surveillance and research activities related to antimicrobial resistance.

• Publicly accessible data promotes inter-institutional projects that are broader in scope and relevance, facilitating progress in combating antimicrobial resistance.

Global Databases Supporting Research

• The establishment of large public databases, such as the National Database of Resistant Microorganisms (DARO), provides global insights into antimicrobial resistance across various countries.

• These databases contain valuable information from nearly all continents, enhancing international collaboration and research efforts.

Tools for Studying Resistance Profiles

• There are databases available that allow researchers to study resistance profiles and prioritize species, combined with user-friendly bioinformatics tools accessible to the public.