¿Que es la TEMPERATURA? Escalas, tipos, calor, termómetro

Understanding Temperature and Heat

Definition of Temperature

• Temperature is a measure that expresses the amount of heat or thermal energy present in an environment, object, or human body.

• All objects and substances are made up of molecules that are in constant motion; the sum of this energy from molecular movement is known as thermal energy or heat.

Relationship Between Temperature and Heat Transfer

• Temperature is related to the flow or transfer of heat; when one object transfers heat to another, its temperature decreases while the other object's temperature increases.

• Human normal body temperature ranges between 36.5°C and 37.5°C; deviations can indicate various illnesses.

States of Matter: Boiling and Melting Points

• The boiling point is where a liquid turns into gas; for water, it’s at 100°C (212°F).

• The melting point refers to when a solid becomes liquid; for water, it’s at 0°C (32°F).

Environmental Temperature Variations

• Ambient temperature varies throughout the day and year due to seasonal changes; deserts experience high daytime temperatures but low nighttime temperatures.

• In the Northern Hemisphere, summer brings high temperatures while winter results in much colder conditions.

Body Temperature Measurement

Basal Body Temperature

• Basal body temperature is measured early in the morning after at least five hours of sleep; it's used to determine fertility periods in women.

• A rise in basal body temperature by 0.2°C to 1°C indicates ovulation, increasing chances of conception.

Ignition Point

• Ignition point refers to the temperature at which combustion begins for flammable substances.

Temperature Scales

Celsius Scale

• The Celsius scale sets water's freezing point at 0°C and boiling point at 100°C.

• To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: Fahrenheit = (Celsius × 1.8) + 32.

Kelvin Scale

• To convert Celsius to Kelvin: Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15.

• The Kelvin scale does not apply to everyday phenomena but was created for scientific research with absolute zero being -273.15°C (-459.67°F).

Heat vs. Temperature

Distinction Between Concepts

• Heat is thermal energy produced by molecular movement, varying with molecule quantity, size, and speed.

• Unlike heat, temperature measures how much heat an object contains without indicating its total thermal energy content.

Thermometers: Measuring Instruments

History and Functionality

• Thermometers were invented by Galileo Galilei in 1592; modern versions include digital thermometers alongside traditional mercury thermometers.

Mercury Thermometers

• Mercury thermometers consist of glass tubes containing mercury that expands with increased temperature due to thermal expansion principles.