LA PRIMERA GUERRA CARLISTA 1833-1840 . Isabelinos vs Carlistas Daniel Aquillué

Name: LA PRIMERA GUERRA CARLISTA 1833-1840 . Isabelinos vs Carlistas ** Daniel Aquillué **
Uploaded: 2022-09-22T10:06:51.000Z
Duration: 3 h 4 min 10 s

Introduction to the First Carlist War

Overview of the Episode

The episode introduces the topic of the First Carlist War, set in early 19th-century Spain, highlighting its significance in military history.

Host Francisco García emphasizes the importance of understanding this conflict for grasping Spain's historical trajectory into the 20th century and beyond.

Guest Introduction

Daniel, a guest on the show, is introduced as an expert who has previously discussed related topics such as the Spanish War of Independence.

The discussion will focus on Daniel's doctoral thesis and book titled "Armas y Votos," which examines political conflict during this period.

Understanding the Context of the Conflict

Causes of the First Carlist War

The war is framed within three main causes: European context, internal struggles between absolutists and liberals, and familial disputes over succession within the Bourbon family.

It is noted that this conflict is not merely a dynastic struggle but also represents broader societal models: liberal nation-state versus absolutist monarchy.

International Dimensions

The war reflects international tensions between revolutionaries and counter-revolutionaries since 1789 (French Revolution), with various European nations taking sides.

Support for Isabel II came from liberal monarchies through alliances like the Quadruple Alliance formed in 1834, while Don Carlos received backing from absolutist regimes such as Russia and Austria.

Military Involvement and Foreign Aid

Troop Contributions

Both sides received international volunteers; for instance, British soldiers supported Isabel II’s cause while various European nationalities aided Don Carlos’ faction.

Anecdotes about British troops highlight their chaotic arrival in Santander during summer 1835, illustrating challenges faced by foreign forces involved in Spanish conflicts.

This structured summary captures key insights from each segment of the transcript while providing timestamps for easy reference to specific parts of the discussion.

Political Disputes and the Carlist Wars in Spain

Overview of Political Context

The French political disputes are mirrored in Spain's Carlist Civil War, highlighting internal conflicts within royalist factions.

The struggle between liberalism and absolutism is traced back to 1820, marking a significant shift in Spanish constitutional politics.

Historical Background

The Carlist Wars began post-Spanish Independence, with key events including the abolition of the 1812 Constitution by Fernando VII and its temporary restoration through revolutionary movements.

In 1833, civil war erupted as liberals supported regent María Cristina for her daughter Isabel, despite her absolutist leanings.

Dynastic Conflicts

A dynastic conflict emerged over succession rights within the Bourbon family, emphasizing legal claims and historical documents that defined legitimacy.

The Salic Law established male preference in succession but was challenged by later reforms allowing female inheritance under Fernando VII’s Pragmatic Sanction.

Key Players and Events

Carlos V (Carlos Isidro), exiled in Lisbon, opposed Isabel's claim to the throne; his supporters initiated uprisings across Spain starting October 1, 1833.

Initial proclamations of Carlos as king were met with resistance from Isabel's forces leading to widespread conflict.

Underlying Causes of Conflict

The war was fueled not only by dynastic issues but also by broader ideological divides between absolutists and liberals.

Personal rights and territorial privileges played a crucial role in shaping regional loyalties during the conflict.

Military Dynamics

Post-revolutionary military restructuring led to disbanding national militias while establishing a royal guard aimed at preserving absolutist power.

Contrary to popular belief, regional fueros (local laws/privileges) were not primary causes of the Carlist Wars; they became relevant later on as part of broader territorial disputes.

Conclusion on Military Strategy

The Carlist Wars: Initial Conflicts and Military Organization

Background of the Carlist Wars

In November 1833, Madrid faced armed uprisings that were suppressed by the army; however, four territories with their own regional governments remained strongholds for the Carlists—specifically, the three Basque provinces and Navarra.

The strength of the Carlists in these regions was not due to a higher number of supporters but rather because they had an organized military force that could maintain its structure during conflicts across Spain.

Military Dynamics and Early Engagements

While some areas like Aragón formed guerrilla units under leaders such as Cabrera, others experienced intermittent guerrilla warfare in regions like Extremadura, Catalonia, La Mancha, Galicia, and Castilla.

At the war's onset, Isabeline forces were significantly smaller than expected—only 67,000 soldiers compared to nearly 100 years prior when Carlos III commanded a larger army. This reduction stemmed from purges initiated by Fernando VII against liberal elements.

The small size of Isabeline troops was exacerbated by sending expeditionary forces to Lisbon to pursue Don Carlos, allowing time for Carlists to organize effectively and establish a parallel state.

Escalation of Conflict

Liberal governments resorted to mass conscription (quintas), mobilizing nearly 300,000 men to counteract Carlism. This led to two distinct armies: one loyal to regent María Cristina and another aligned with absolutist principles in the north.

The first significant armed confrontation occurred during insurrections in autumn 1833; many were quickly suppressed by government forces. These early skirmishes did not yet represent formal battles between organized armies.

Key Battles and Strategies

By 1834, more structured confrontations began as both sides engaged in combat. Notably, initial engagements involved unarmed volunteers facing off against government troops rather than organized military formations.

A pivotal moment came in summer 1835 with the Battle of Mendigorría—the largest battle thus far—with approximately 30,000 soldiers on each side. Although it ended without a decisive victory for either side, it marked a shift towards more formalized conflict.

Shifts in Warfare Tactics

Despite their initial organization and strength at Mendigorría, Carlist leaders recognized their troop weaknesses post-battle. Throughout late 1834 into early 1835, they avoided open-field confrontations while engaging primarily in guerrilla tactics within Basque territories.

As fighting continued into this phase (34–35), irregular warfare became prevalent across various regions including Catalonia and Aragón while traditional battles remained scarce due to strategic caution from both sides.

Transitioning Power Dynamics

Following setbacks such as Zumaia’s failure in Bilbao leading to casualties among leadership ranks—including deaths from wounds—the conflict transitioned into a new phase where both sides sought greater control over territory through established military structures.

Understanding the Mobilization in Historical Wars

The Scale of Mobilization

During historical wars, a significant number of people were mobilized due to the ease of recruitment compared to modern times.

Basic necessities like food and ammunition were crucial for soldiers, with early firearms resembling Napoleonic rifles, making it feasible to recruit large numbers.

The Carlism and Bilbao

In 1836, Carlists attempted to retake Bilbao, a strategic commercial port that could facilitate supplies and reinforcements.

The defense of Bilbao earned it the title "Invicta Villano," while General Baldomero Espartero led a decisive victory against Carlists at the Battle of Luchana amidst harsh weather conditions.

Symbolism in Warfare

A discussion arose regarding the symbolism associated with military uniforms, particularly focusing on the red veins seen in certain cavalry charges during battles.

Historical distinctions between liberal and absolutist factions were often marked by specific attire; for instance, red berets became common among various units over time.

Uniformity and Practicality

Initially, not all Carlist fighters wore berets; many donned helmets or other headgear typical of royalist volunteers.

The practicality and affordability of berets made them popular among troops as they provided protection from elements while being easy to produce.

Flags and Identity in Conflict

Both sides in the Carlist Wars fought under similar flags, indicating shared struggles for power within Spain.

Notably, both factions utilized variations of flags featuring crosses or colors that represented their respective causes throughout different conflicts.

The Carlist Wars: A Historical Overview

The Role of Flags in the First Carlist War

Discussion on the significance of flags during the First Carlist War, highlighting how different factions used distinct banners, such as the British flag.

Mention of a potential exploration into the history of Spanish flags and their relevance to national identity.

Military Strategies and Expeditions

Introduction to early military strategies employed by Carlists in northern Spain, particularly in regions like Vascongadas and Navarra.

Description of Don Carlos's efforts to unify supporters across Spain, leading to notable expeditions starting from 1834.

Key Military Campaigns

Overview of General Sanz's defeat at Villarcayo and subsequent famous campaigns led by Gómez in 1836 involving around 6,000 soldiers traversing various regions including Asturias and Córdoba.

Detailed account of the movements through Spain, including establishing a Carlist government in Córdoba before retreating under pressure from liberal forces.

Tactical Challenges Faced by Liberal Forces

Examination of how liberal armies struggled with resource allocation while trying to counteract Carlist expeditions that were agile and well-coordinated.

Insight into the difficulties faced by liberal forces due to their static defenses along the Ebro River against mobile Carlist units.

Communication and Intelligence Issues

Analysis of communication challenges during warfare; lack of modern technology made it difficult for liberal forces to track Carlist movements effectively.

Discussion on how intelligence was gathered through local informants rather than advanced communication methods, complicating military operations.

The Impact of Terrain on Warfare

Reflection on how terrain influenced military tactics for both sides; Carlism utilized mobility while liberals relied on fortified positions.

Mention that Gómez’s expedition took place over a few months, showcasing rapid movement reminiscent of Napoleonic tactics.

Myths Surrounding Key Battles

Battle of Luchana and the Carlist Wars

Context of the Battle

The speaker discusses the challenging conditions during the battle, highlighting how snow and wind affected visibility and weapon handling. This raises questions about the effectiveness of gunfire amidst such weather.

Interpretation of Events

The speaker interprets that Partero's victory at the Battle of Luchana was facilitated by adverse weather conditions (rain and snow), which hindered the Carlists' ability to fire effectively from their entrenched positions.

Political Dynamics Post-Battle

Following Luchana in 1837, liberals closed the French border, cutting off supplies to Carlists, forcing them to leave Northern territories for survival. This situation intertwines military necessity with political strategy.

Motivations Behind Military Expeditions

The primary motivation for royal expeditions is identified as political; after a revolutionary triumph in August 1836, progressive liberals took control, prompting regent María Cristina's fear for her safety against radical factions.

Secret Agreements and Family Politics

A secret pact between María Cristina and Don Carlos emerges: if she helps him eliminate revolutionary threats, he would respect her life and honors. This familial arrangement underscores political maneuvering during turbulent times.

The Royal Expedition Challenges

Delays in Military Movements

Don Carlos organizes a royal expedition but faces delays due to liberal armies blocking direct routes across rivers. Despite initial victories at Huesca and Barbastro, logistical challenges hinder progress toward Madrid.

Internal Conflicts Amidst Civil War

By September 12, 1837, when Don Carlos finally reaches Madrid, internal conflicts within liberal ranks have led to a coup against progressive governance. This highlights ongoing instability even amid civil war.

Cabrera's Role in Madrid

Strategic Decisions During Conflict

General Cabrera leads his troops towards Madrid but receives orders from Don Carlos to retreat instead of engaging directly with weakened defenses. His decision reflects strategic caution amidst potential bloodshed.

Potential Violence Within Madrid

There is concern over violence not just from external forces but also from Carlists already within Madrid who are eager for revenge against liberals. This indicates deep-seated tensions within urban areas during conflict.

Consequences After Failed Expeditions

Decline of Carlism Post-Failure

Following the failed royal expedition in 1837, Carlism begins to decline significantly until 1839 as morale wanes among troops leading to disintegration within their ranks due to internal strife and governmental changes.

Cabrera’s Emergence as a Power Player

The First Carlist War: Key Events and Insights

Political Dynamics and Military Organization

The Carlist forces, under the name of King Carlos, operate independently, showcasing a more effective political and military organization than that of King Carlos himself.

In 1839, General Maroto signs a peace agreement with Espartero after several victories for the liberal side, marking a significant turning point in the conflict.

Many Carlists from the Basque Country and Navarre accept the peace due to exhaustion from six years of war; they are demoralized and economically drained.

Continued Resistance in Aragón

Not all factions accept the peace; those who resist retreat to Aragón under Cabrera, prolonging the conflict for an additional year.

Over 100,000 Isabeline troops are deployed in Teruel to combat Cabrera's forces, indicating a massive military mobilization against remaining Carlist strongholds.

The End of Hostilities

By July 1840, Cabrera is unable to organize defenses due to illness and ultimately flees into exile in France and later England.

The First Carlist War concludes with over 200,000 casualties—a staggering number given Spain's population at that time was around 12 million.

Nature of Warfare

Many combatants had prior experience fighting in America; however, most casualties did not occur during major battles but rather through skirmishes and attrition warfare.

A significant portion of deaths resulted from non-battle-related causes such as reprisals and violence against prisoners—highlighting the brutal nature of civil wars.

Societal Impact and Ideological Divisions

Civil wars often reveal humanity's worst traits; accounts include extreme violence towards prisoners and even cannibalism reported in prisons during this period.

The ideological divide between factions reflects deeper societal rifts within Spain. Madrid itself is depicted as divided along loyalties to either absolutist or liberal ideologies.

Complex Loyalties Among Generals

Some generals switched allegiances based on personal loyalty rather than ideology. This led to complex dynamics where individuals aligned with one faction could shift based on leadership changes.

The situation escalated further when some leaders were executed by their own side for perceived disloyalty or insufficient commitment to liberal ideals.

Symbolic Violence and Historical Context in Madrid

The Display of Body Parts as a Form of Violence

Members exhibit body parts in cafes on Calle Alcalá, symbolizing violence against historical figures like Quesada, who is depicted as a traitor and absolutist.

Revolutionary Practices and Political Commentary

The discussion highlights the symbolic violence practiced by revolutionaries, contrasting it with traditional displays of power such as hanging bodies at city gates.

Terminology and Historical References

A debate arises around terms like "plumero" and "chaquetero," which relate to rapid changes in political allegiance or uniforms during revolutionary times.

Understanding 'Pesetero' and Its Implications

The term "pesetero" refers to those who fought for monetary gain during the 1868 Glorious Revolution when the peseta was introduced as currency equivalent to four reales.

Military Context: Ayacuchos and Their Significance

Discussion on Leadership and Historical Figures

Introduction to the Character of Espartero

The speaker reflects on a character from history, likening him to a middle-class individual who rises through merit during wartime, ultimately becoming a significant figure in the kingdom.

Connection to Cayo Mario

The speaker draws parallels between this character and Cayo Mario, referred to as the third founder of Rome. A book about Mario has recently been reprinted, indicating its popularity.

Leadership Qualities

Espartero is noted for his leadership style; he fought alongside his soldiers in battle, sharing their hardships. This exemplifies true leadership that inspires troops beyond mere numbers or weaponry.

Moral Courage in Warfare

The discussion emphasizes that winning wars requires not just manpower but also moral courage and combat morale among soldiers.

Financial Aspects of Leadership

Espartero's financial practices are highlighted; he paid his soldiers using state funds advanced by his wife, Doña Jacinta Martínez de Sicilia, showcasing an important aspect of support behind military leaders.

Consequences of War and National Identity

Establishment of Liberal Spain

The conversation shifts towards the establishment of a liberal Spanish nation-state that remained constitutional until 1923, with Baldomero Espartero being a central figure recognized by the Cortes as regent.

Cultural Traditions: The Festival of Desarme

The speaker shares personal anecdotes about Oviedo's tradition called "desarme," which involves festive meals and cultural significance tied to historical events.

Historical Recreation and Personal Experiences

Participation in Historical Events

There’s mention of ongoing efforts to recreate historical events related to the Carlist Wars in Spain. The speaker expresses enthusiasm for participating in these recreations.

Culinary Heritage Linked to History

Discussion includes how food traditions are intertwined with historical narratives. Specific dishes served during festivals reflect local history and culture.

Conclusion on Travel Preferences

Historical Recreation and Cultural Projects in Asturias

Upcoming Events and Personal Plans

Discussion about the historical recreation event on October 19, with uncertainty regarding the full program of festivities.

The speaker expresses intent to attend the event in Arca, where a friend resides, aiming to document the Carlist War and promote Oviedo and Asturias.

Book Discussion: Jordi Cruz's Work

Introduction of a book by Jordi Cruz published by Despertar Ferro, featuring photo compositions of Spanish combatants from the 16th century onwards.

Explanation of Cruz's artistic method: combining multiple photographs to create scenes that resemble paintings rather than traditional photography.

Artistic Value and Textual Contribution

Emphasis on how accompanying texts enhance the value of images in Cruz's work, providing context for historical depictions.

Mention of previous works by Cruz, including one published under a different publisher, highlighting his contributions to historical representation.

Future Projects and Community Engagement

Anticipation for new projects including an upcoming book by Daniel; encouragement for audience engagement through likes and questions.

Aiming for ambitious goals related to Carlist history outreach, comparing it with efforts made during Ukrainian support campaigns.

Military History Insights

Reference to notable figures like Stonewall Jackson within the context of Carlist Wars; discussion on cavalry presence during these conflicts.

Overview of fortifications from the last Carlist War (1872–76), mentioning specific locations such as Shastamos and Caspe.

International Context and Historical Impact

Analysis of British involvement in supporting Carlists during their conflict; implications for international relations at that time.

Exploration of how Spain’s role in liberal monarchies influenced its actions towards Portugal amidst revolts against Queen Maria.

Interactions Between Factions

Examination of relationships between Carlists and Miguelists in Portugal; shared goals leading to alliances despite political differences.

Clarification on technical issues affecting chat interactions during discussions about military strength within carlism.

Strength Estimates During Conflicts

Discussion on the First Carlist War and Future Topics

Summary of the First Carlist War

The conversation suggests wrapping up the program while providing a good summary of the First Carlist War, indicating interest in discussing other Carlist wars in future episodes.

Future Collaborations and Topics

There is a proposal to discuss more topics early next year, including a book about soldiers, with an invitation for Jordi to join as well.

Engagement and Support for Content

The speaker emphasizes the importance of audience engagement through likes and shares to help algorithms promote historical content, particularly regarding lesser-known conflicts like the Carlist Wars.

Merchandise Promotion

A mention of merchandise, specifically T-shirts featuring unique designs related to the topic, which are not yet available for sale but will be soon.

Closing Remarks and Resources

Gratitude is expressed towards Dani for participating in the discussion. Listeners are encouraged to check out his program on YouTube or podcast platforms.

Insights into Historical Literature

Overview of Books Discussed

Two books are highlighted: one based on a doctoral thesis and another aimed at general readership. The difference lies in their academic rigor versus accessibility.

Reading Experience Comparison

The speaker notes that books with more footnotes tend to be more academically rigorous. They emphasize that readability is crucial for engaging broader audiences.

Future Writing Aspirations

There’s an indication that further writing projects may be pursued once current programs conclude, hinting at ongoing dedication to historical storytelling.

Purchasing Options

Information is provided on how listeners can support by purchasing books through specific links without additional costs incurred by them.

Current Events and Historical Context

Addressing Contemporary Issues

The speaker discusses efforts to provide historical context around current events like the conflict in Ukraine, aiming to clarify rapid news cycles from a historian's perspective.

New Formats for Content Delivery

Introduction of new formats such as "BHM News," focusing solely on military updates while maintaining engagement with historical narratives.

Community Engagement Strategies

Encouragement for community support via platforms like Patreon or Ivoox, offering benefits such as early access to content while fostering deeper connections with audiences interested in history.

Closing Thoughts on History and Learning

Importance of Historical Context

The discussion concludes with a quote from Joaquín María López, emphasizing the idea that "nothing is impossible" when it comes to understanding history.

This quote serves as a motivational reminder that learning about history can be both achievable and rewarding, encouraging listeners to engage with historical narratives.

Engaging with History

The speaker highlights the challenge of making history enjoyable while stressing its importance for understanding contemporary issues.

They argue that without knowledge of historical foundations, one cannot fully grasp the present or future dynamics of society.

Encouragement for Audience Participation

The speaker encourages listeners to appreciate the relevance of past events in shaping current realities, urging them to explore historical contexts actively.

A call to action is made for audience engagement through likes and shares, promoting further exploration into topics like the Carlist Wars by reading recommended literature.

Final Remarks and Community Engagement

The speaker expresses gratitude towards the audience for their support and participation in discussions about history.

They address feedback regarding viewer engagement metrics humorously, reinforcing community interaction as vital for content creation.

Closing Sentiments