Capítulo 4 - Independência ou Morte | Brasil - A Última Cruzada

Name: Capítulo 4 - Independência ou Morte | Brasil - A Última Cruzada
Uploaded: 2017-12-21T17:58:13.000Z
Duration: 2 h 28 min 5 s

Independence or Death: A Year-End Reflection

Launching the Final Episode of the Year

The episode titled "Independence or Death" marks a significant milestone, celebrating the journey of sharing information with millions of Brazilians.

Over the past year, 10 documentaries and 220 hours of classes featuring over 120 experts have been produced, reaching an audience of 10 million people.

The initiative has awakened a sense of Brazilian identity among hundreds of families daily.

Call to Action for Membership

Each new member contributes to expanding access to free content, enhancing national awareness in Brazil.

The speaker emphasizes that 2018 will be crucial for cultural impact and urges listeners to become members before a promotional price expires at midnight on Thursday.

Pedro's Early Life and Family Dynamics

Young Pedro, despite being the son of Portugal's future king, experienced emotional neglect from his parents and lived with his mentally ill grandmother in isolation.

His relationship with his brother Miguel was complex, marked by both love and rivalry due to their shared upbringing in a lonely palace environment.

Childhood Games as Foreshadowing Conflict

In the palace gardens, Pedro organized imaginary battles against Miguel’s troops, which foreshadowed real-life conflicts later on. This playful rivalry hinted at deeper political struggles ahead.

Historical Context: Don Pedro I's Birth

Don Pedro I was born on October 12, 1798, in Queluz Palace under challenging circumstances; he was raised primarily by his grandmother who suffered from mental illness.

His mother Dona Leopoldina came from a well-prepared family but faced upheaval during Napoleon's conquests in Europe, leading her family to flee Vienna multiple times. This instability affected Don Pedro’s early education significantly.

Cultural Education Amidst Turmoil

Despite her tumultuous childhood experiences including loss and displacement, Leopoldina received an education that included subjects typically reserved for men such as mathematics and geometry—an exception for Hapsburg women aimed at preparing them for governance roles through marriage alliances.

Romantic Beginnings: Leopoldina and Dom Pedro

Leopoldina fell in love with Dom Pedro upon receiving a diamond necklace featuring his portrait; this symbolized their union amidst political aspirations linking Brazil with Austria through marriage ties. Their wedding was referred to as the "Brazilian party," highlighting its significance beyond Portuguese interests alone.

The Turbulent Times of Brazil and Portugal

The Impact of Personal Tragedy on Political Climate

The princess and Dom Pedro faced personal losses with the premature deaths of two children, setting a somber tone for the year ahead.

Revolutionary Changes in Europe and Their Effects on Brazil

The aftermath of Napoleon's wars and the French Revolution reshaped Europe, diminishing royal powers even as some kings regained thrones. A new political era was emerging.

In Portugal, a national constituent assembly aimed to draft a constitution that would limit the king's power, inspired by similar movements in Spain and France.

Tensions Between Portugal and Brazil

Dom João VI faced challenges due to ineffective public administration in Portugal while Brazil became central to international trade amidst growing tensions.

Portuguese troops in Brazil pressured Dom João VI to accept a constitution, leading him to consider returning to Portugal or remaining in Brazil under increasing pressure from rebels.

Dom Pedro's Ascendancy Amidst Crisis

Demonstrating bravery, Dom Pedro took control during unrest by sending soldiers against rebels, earning his father's trust and becoming regent of Brazil as Dom João VI returned to Portugal alone.

Before leaving, Dom João VI advised his son that if losing Brazil was inevitable, it should be at his hands rather than those of "adventurers," ensuring dynastic continuity within the Braganza family.

Political Developments in São Paulo

José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva emerged as vice president of São Paulo’s government board; he had significant experience from witnessing revolutions firsthand in Europe.

Unlike other provinces swayed by Portuguese influence, São Paulo recognized Dom Pedro's authority early on, which caught his attention positively.

Mobilization Against Portuguese Control

On January 1st, 1822, Bonifácio sent a manifesto warning about potential oppression from the Portuguese government. He emphasized readiness for sacrifice to protect their prince.

Bonifácio highlighted rising tensions between Brazilians and Portuguese forces; he urged loyalty towards their king amid fears of revolution spreading from Portugal.

Escalation of Conflict

As tempers flared between Brazilian citizens and Portuguese authorities, there were frequent clashes reflecting widespread discontent with colonial governance structures imposed from Lisbon.

The Political Landscape of Brazil in 1822

The Role of Dom Pedro and Leopoldina

There were numerous petitions from various states urging that Prince Regent Dom Pedro remain protected by political support, particularly from Bonifácio, as he aligned with the will of Brazilians.

Leopoldina foresaw chaos if the courts succeeded in sending Dom Pedro back to Portugal, predicting a fragmented Brazil similar to Spanish colonies in America.

Both José Bonifácio and Leopoldina believed that returning to Lisbon would expose Brazil to revolutionary fervor and potential chaos due to its vast territory lacking central governance.

Concerns Over Revolutionary Movements

Bonifácio feared that allowing a revolution could lead to bloodshed and fragmentation into small republics, drawing parallels with the French Revolution's outcomes.

He viewed both the French and Spanish American revolutions as misguided movements that resulted in instability and division within powerful territories.

Tensions Between Courts and Dom Pedro

Threatened by the courts' demands for his return, Dom Pedro faced a critical decision; Bonifácio urged him to stay, warning of dire consequences if he left.

Leopoldina's pregnancy further complicated matters, showcasing her connection with Bonifácio’s sentiments even before their meeting.

Public Support for Dom Pedro

A petition from São Paulo was presented by Bonifácio alongside local leaders, reflecting widespread public support for Dom Pedro's decision to remain in Brazil.

The population's desire for independence from Portugal was evident through significant petitions despite Rio de Janeiro's relatively small population size.

The Declaration of "Dia do Fico"

On January 9, 1822, Dom Pedro addressed an anxious public proclaiming his intention to stay in Brazil—an event known as “Dia do Fico,” marking a pivotal moment towards independence.

This declaration symbolized a shift away from being part of the Portuguese state towards establishing Brazilian identity while still contemplating reconciliation with Portugal.

Shifting Perspectives on Independence

Initially aiming for a united kingdom between Brazil and Portugal under shared governance, José Bonifácio faced resistance from Portuguese courts seeking to diminish Brazil’s status.

Realizing the untenable position of the Portuguese courts led Bonifácio to advocate for establishing an independent empire in Brazil following Dom Pedro’s announcement.

Rising Conflict: Coup Attempts

The Rise of José Bonifácio and Political Dynamics in Brazil

The Expulsion of the Portuguese General and Political Alliances

With the victory of Dom Pedro, the Portuguese general is definitively expelled from Brazil, prompting Dom Pedro to seek allies for political stability.

Amidst conflicts with Portuguese ministers, Dom Pedro appoints José Bonifácio as his minister, marking a significant shift in leadership just before Brazil's independence.

José Bonifácio: A Key Figure in Brazilian Politics

Bonifácio becomes the first Brazilian-born individual to hold such a high ministerial position under Dom Pedro.

Leopoldina meets Bonifácio while he is gathering signatures for Dom Pedro; they communicate in French and German, showcasing their cultured backgrounds.

The Impact of Leopoldina's Support

Leopoldina expresses her support for Bonifácio and shares her husband's decision to appoint him as minister, which deeply moves him.

Despite initial reluctance, Bonifácio accepts the ministerial role after encouragement from Leopoldina, who is impressed by his stature.

Challenges Faced by the Royal Family

Following their return to Rio de Janeiro from Santa Cruz farm, tragedy strikes as baby Dom João Carlos dies during the journey due to poor conditions.

The royal couple blames Portuguese rebels for their son's death, highlighting tensions within Brazil amidst ongoing turmoil.

Strengthening Ties and Political Maneuvering

As Minister, Bonifácio advises Dom Pedro to strengthen ties with provinces to garner support for his cause amid uncertainty about national backing.

In Minas Gerais, Dom Pedro successfully wins over locals despite existing loyalties to Lisbon through personal engagement and charm.

Historical Significance of Leadership Changes

For the first time in Brazilian history, Princess Leopoldina assumes regency during Dom Pedro's absence—an important milestone for women's roles in governance.

The Path to Brazilian Independence

Dom Pedro's Support and Political Tensions

Dom Pedro gained significant support from the rural population, with farmers welcoming him and his entourage during their travels.

In response to rising tensions, Lisbon courts demoted Dom Pedro to a temporary delegate, undermining Brazilian governance by insisting on new representatives elected in Portugal.

Leopoldina's Strategic Leadership

Empress Leopoldina convened a state council session, advocating for Brazil's separation from Portugal, showcasing her political alignment with Dom Pedro.

Her ability to navigate between the State Council and her husband was crucial in pushing for independence amidst growing tensions.

The Call for Independence

Leopoldina recognized that independence was essential for Brazil’s future; she had long been committed to this cause while Dom Pedro appeared hesitant.

José Bonifácio concluded that all conciliatory efforts with Portugal had failed, marking a pivotal moment towards declaring independence.

Urgency of Action

A messenger delivered critical news about the council's decision regarding independence directly to Dom Pedro, emphasizing the urgency of action against Portuguese forces.

Bonifácio warned that if Dom Pedro did not act decisively, he would face severe consequences from both the Portuguese courts and potential uprisings within Brazil.

The Declaration of Independence

On September 7, 1822, Dom Pedro symbolically rejected Portuguese authority by discarding symbols of allegiance and proclaiming: "Independence or Death."

This declaration marked a significant turning point as it united various factions within Brazil under a common cause against colonial rule.

Comparison with Other Independence Movements

The nature of Brazilian independence is likened more closely to that of the United States rather than African decolonization movements; it was characterized by secession rather than rebellion against an invader.

The narrative emphasizes that Brazil’s struggle was less about fratricidal conflict and more about emancipation from colonial dominance as they sought self-governance without returning to previous subjugation under Portugal.

Formation of New National Identity

Brazil's Path to Independence

The Arrival and Initial Acclaim of Dom Pedro I

The arrival of the first settlers in Brazil marked the beginning of a complex history, culminating in independence. The cross they brought symbolizes both faith and conflict.

Scholar Pedro composed the anthem for the Empire of Brazil, marking his influence on national identity. His 24th birthday was celebrated with public acclaim in Rio de Janeiro, leading to a grand coronation ceremony.

Legitimacy and Political Dynamics

Dom Pedro I's legitimacy as emperor stemmed from his desire for independence, which he successfully declared. This principle of political science—legitimacy—was crucial during this tumultuous time.

Without Dom Pedro's leadership, there was a real risk that Portugal would reclaim Brazil. His acclamation by the people highlighted their understanding of political dynamics amidst potential chaos.

Conflict During Independence

Despite its relatively peaceful nature compared to other nations' struggles, Brazil’s path to independence involved significant conflict and revolts against Dom Pedro I’s decisions.

Key figures like Maria Quitéria emerged as heroes during this period. Dom Pedro and José Bonifácio faced challenges in organizing military efforts due to limited resources and reliance on foreign mercenaries.

Military Strategies and Naval Battles

José Bonifácio prioritized naval battles to secure Brazilian waters against Portuguese forces, employing skilled commanders like Thomas Cochrane for maritime conflicts.

Significant land battles occurred across regions such as Bahia, Piauí, and Maranhão. Notable clashes included Jenipapo, Pirajá, Itaparica, and Montevideo.

Aftermath of Independence

The struggle for independence resulted in substantial casualties; nearly 5,000 lives were lost during conflicts when Brazil had a population just under four million.

Following independence, internal governance posed challenges as conflicting interests arose between José Bonifácio and Dom Pedro I.

Personal Struggles Affecting Leadership

Dom Pedro's personal life began impacting his rule after meeting Marquise of Santos; their relationship complicated political dynamics within the court.

As tensions grew between him and Bonifácio due to personal distractions caused by his affair with Domitila, it led to significant rifts affecting governance stability.

Consequences of Personal Choices

Dom Pedro and José Bonifácio: A Complex Relationship

The Initial Communication

Dom Pedro's informal approach to governance is highlighted when he asks José Bonifácio for advice on appointments, showcasing his uncertainty in leadership.

Bonifácio responds with suggestions but also expresses concern about the choices, indicating a mentor-like role in their relationship.

Leopoldina's intervention reflects the tension between personal relationships and political decisions, urging Dom Pedro to reconsider his choices.

Struggles of Independence and Governance

Dom Pedro's plea for guidance from Bonifácio emphasizes his reliance on experienced advisors during Brazil’s transition to independence.

The establishment of a government post-independence presents challenges; Bonifácio produces over 200 official documents within a year, illustrating his pivotal role in shaping the new state.

The contrast between achieving independence and organizing an empire underscores the complexities faced by early Brazilian leaders.

Influences and Fears Surrounding the Constitution

José Bonifácio’s scholarly background allows him to draw from American and French experiences while debating constitutional matters.

Concerns about revolutionary ideas lead both Bonifácio and Leopoldina to resist opening a constituent assembly, fearing instability.

Dom Pedro’s decision to open the assembly despite these fears results in significant conflict with Bonifácio due to trust issues.

Conflict Over Constitutional Drafting

Tensions escalate as Dom Pedro signs blank sheets provided by a Masonic group for constitution drafting, leading to outrage from Bonifácio who perceives this as reckless.

The distrust between them deepens as Dom Pedro suspects that Bonifácio aims for power rather than collaboration, complicating their working relationship.

Establishment of Power Structures

After receiving an unsatisfactory draft constitution from Deputy Antonio Carlos, Dom Pedro establishes a council of state to create a more fitting document reflecting Brazil's needs.

The resignation of the Andradas family signifies not just personal conflicts but also broader political shifts within the government structure.

Emergence of Moderating Power

Inspired by theorist Benjamin Constant, both leaders navigate the concept of moderating power which seeks balance among governing bodies without being dictatorial.

The 1824 constitution emerges as one of historical significance with its liberal precepts despite its violent imposition by Dom Pedro.

Evolution of Relationships Post-Constitution

A notable shift occurs where former allies become adversaries; Dom Pedro’s actions against Bonifácio reflect deeper ideological divides regarding governance.

The Life and Legacy of Empress Leopoldina

The Struggles of Leopoldina

Leopoldina, known as the Marquise of Santos, faced personal turmoil due to her husband's infidelity. Despite not being from Santos, her title served as a provocation.

As she dealt with the emotional strain of living with Dom Pedro's mistress, Leopoldina's health began to decline in November 1826. She requested prayers from her father amidst political unrest in Cisplatina (now Uruguay).

Before Dom Pedro left for war, she gifted him a symbolic ring set representing their bond, foreshadowing her impending death.

After suffering complications from pregnancy and an abortion on December 2nd, 1826, Leopoldina passed away on December 11th at 10:30 AM. Her legacy was honored across Brazil with monuments in cathedrals.

The Impact of Her Death

Leopoldina was recognized as the first woman to hold supreme power in Brazil and was pivotal in advocating for Brazil's independence. Her friendship with Dom Pedro I highlighted her virtues despite personal challenges.

Following her death, Dom Pedro's reputation suffered significantly due to his extramarital affair and political conflicts. His popularity waned as public dissatisfaction grew over his leadership style.

Political Turmoil and War

The loss of Cisplatina further fueled public discontent against Dom Pedro. The war was viewed unfavorably by Brazilians who saw it as a futile sacrifice.

Both Brazil and Argentina sought peace amid ongoing conflict; however, neither side achieved significant victories during the war.

Personal Reflections of Dom Pedro

After losing his wife, Dom Pedro realized the gravity of his past actions towards Leopoldina. He mourned deeply for her even while involved with another woman.

His emotional turmoil led to a confrontation where he expressed regret over leading an unworthy life as a sovereign.

A New Beginning

Seeking redemption through marriage again, Dom Pedro attempted to find a new wife but faced rejection due to his tarnished reputation.

Eventually marrying Amélia de Leuchtenberg brought stability back into his life; he matured into a more faithful partner after years of promiscuity.

Conclusion: Shifts in Power Dynamics

The Political Turmoil in Brazil and Portugal

The Return of the Portuguese Court to Brazil

Upon returning to Brazil, Maria II observed a significant presence of exiled Portuguese due to Dom Miguel's coup d'état, leading to the establishment of two courts in Rio de Janeiro: the Brazilian court and the Queen's court.

Tensions escalated between Brazilians and Portuguese, culminating in violent conflicts during festivities honoring Dom Pedro. This unrest became known as "the night of the bottles," where Brazilians attacked Portuguese properties.

Dom Pedro's Abdication

Amidst rising chaos and pressure from various factions, including farmers, Dom Pedro was compelled to resign in April 1831 after losing military support.

His abdication marked a significant turning point; he left Brazil quietly at dawn with his wife, realizing he could not continue his legacy there.

The Civil War in Portugal

Following his abdication, Dom Pedro engaged in a civil war against his brother Dom Miguel for control over Portugal. He aimed to restore constitutional governance.

Recruiting an army of mercenaries and volunteers, he demonstrated bravery on the battlefield despite being outnumbered significantly during sieges.

Victory and Consequences

Despite facing overwhelming odds, Dom Pedro achieved small victories that eventually led him to conquer Lisbon after two years of civil war.

However, years of conflict took a toll on him physically; he succumbed to tuberculosis shortly after signing his brother’s surrender.

Final Days and Legacy

In his final days at the Palace of Queluz, Dom Pedro made crucial decisions regarding his daughter Dona Maria II’s ascension as Queen of Portugal.

He requested a simple burial without grandeur as a soldier would have—reflecting humility despite his historical significance.

A Unique Historical Figure

Dom Pedro I is recognized not only for proclaiming Brazil's independence but also for navigating complex political landscapes throughout his life.

His tumultuous journey included multiple marriages and significant personal losses while maintaining political influence across nations.

Bonifácio's Exile

Return to Brazil and the Final Days of Narcisa

The Return from Exile

In 1829, a couple was permitted to return to Brazil after a period of exile, marking a hopeful new chapter in their lives.

Tragically, just two days before reaching Rio de Janeiro, Narcisa passed away unexpectedly on the ship.

Bonifácio's Struggles

Bonifácio faced profound loneliness and sadness towards the end of his life, contrasting sharply with his previously intense experiences filled with sacrifices and victories.

His demise was not the anticipated conclusion for someone who had lived such an impactful life.

The Burden of Leadership

Pedro's Realization as Emperor

Dom Pedro recognized the challenges associated with being an emperor and understood that his son needed foundational values for governance: honour, patriotism, and knowledge.

He believed it was essential for the prophecy stating that "the son transcends the father" to come true.

Trust in Mentorship

Dom Pedro identified José Bonifácio as the only person he could trust to mentor his son, Dom Pedro II—someone who was both a friend and an antagonist.

A Letter of Friendship and Trust

A Plea for Mentorship

In a heartfelt letter, Dom Pedro expressed that he knew no one more honourable or wise than José Bonifácio. He felt peace would elude him if Bonifácio denied this final request.

Affirmation of Loyalty

José Bonifácio responded affirmatively, assuring Dom Pedro that he had never betrayed anyone nor ceased loving those he cared about.