John Singer Sargent y el Simbolismo: un acercamiento polémico.

The Challenge of John Singer Sargent: Exploring Symbolism

Introduction to Sargent's Artistic Journey

• John Singer Sargent sought to prove himself beyond being a portrait painter, taking on the challenge of creating a mural titled "The Triumph of Religion."

• The speaker welcomes viewers and introduces Sargent as an artist who evokes mixed feelings, similar to Sorolla, highlighting their merits while acknowledging differing opinions.

Symbolism in Art

• The discussion focuses on exploring lesser-known aspects of artists like Sargent, particularly his engagement with symbolism—a movement often overlooked in art history.

• The speaker references previous videos discussing symbolist artists such as Gustav Moreau and Odilon Redon, emphasizing the need for context regarding symbolism's characteristics and inspirations.

Historical Context of Symbolism

• Symbolism was a significant international movement at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, extending beyond France and Belgium to countries like Russia and the United States.

• Defining symbolism is complex; it was more about philosophical principles than specific techniques. Artists like Mogo and Redon took different paths within this movement.

Influence on Modernism

• Symbolism played a crucial role in shaping modernist movements across various styles (e.g., Art Nouveau), influencing how artists approached representation.

• The contrast between Sargent’s naturalistic style—rooted in Velazquez’s tradition—and the more illustrative nature of symbolism highlights his unique position within art history.

American Reception of Symbolism

• In America, there was ambivalence towards European artistic trends; while some appreciated literature from symbolists, visual arts were less embraced due to elitist perceptions.

• Despite this cultural disconnect, Sargent aimed to demonstrate his intellectual depth through diverse themes beyond his established techniques.

"The Triumph of Religion" Project

• The project "The Triumph of Religion," which occupied Sargent for 29 years (1890–1919), remains unfinished but is significant for its scale and ambition.

• Located in Boston Public Library, this mural project decorates a vaulted chamber's walls and ceilings, attracting visitors despite its incomplete status.

Exploring Sargent's Religious Themes in Public Art

Introduction to Sargent's Project

• The discussion begins with the context of John Singer Sargent's career, particularly his development in Europe and how he became involved in a religious-themed project at a public library.

• The Boston Public Library was initiating a decorative program that included various artists, with Sargent being recommended by an expatriate friend, Edwin Abbey.

Collaboration and Artistic Freedom

• Abbey had previously contacted other artists for murals in the library, suggesting that Sargent could contribute to a special third-floor space dedicated to distinguished collections, including Spanish literature.

• During discussions with architect Charles McKim and his partner Stanford White, Sargent was given complete freedom to choose his theme for the project.

Concept Development

• Initially considering themes related to Spanish literature, Sargent shifted towards more exotic ideas, ultimately deciding on "The Triumph of Religion," which allowed for contemplative distance from the subject matter.

• This choice led him to explore themes surrounding the Holy Grail and its symbolism within religious narratives.

Artistic Process and Stages

• The presentation outlines four stages of Sargent’s work on this mural project. Each stage reflects different thematic explorations rather than following a strict narrative order.

• A contract signed in 1893 marked the official beginning of this endeavor. His murals were painted on canvas before being shipped to Boston for installation.

Timeline of Installations

• Over several years (1895, 1903, 1916, 1919), Sargent sent multiple shipments of completed works to Boston while personally overseeing their placement within the library.

• In total, there were 17 pieces delivered as part of "The Triumph of Religion," illustrating key moments from Jewish and Christian history through a symbolist lens.

First Installation Highlights

• The first major installation occurred in 1895 and depicted scenes such as Israelites oppressed by Pharaoh alongside representations of Assyrian kings.

• Notable elements include YHWH portrayed amidst clouds and cherubim intervening for Israelite children; Moses is central holding the Ten Commandments.

Artistic Techniques

• The murals feature rich textures as Sargent employed various materials like metal and glass elements that enhance visual appeal against canvas backgrounds.

Artistic Representation of Pagan Deities and Prophets

Overview of the Artistic Space

• The space is designed to enhance natural light, showcasing pagan deities like Astarte and Moloch, described as a "vault of heaven" by Sargent.

• The artwork reflects ancient symbolism, with a focus on the mother goddess representing origins and encompassing the horizon.

Depiction of Deities

• Astarte is portrayed with sensuality; her blue tunics delicately painted over female figures, emphasizing jewelry.

• Moloch is depicted with a golden crown and rays extending from him, symbolizing power and divinity.

Historical Context

• The artwork includes references to the oppression of Israelites under Egyptian rule, featuring naked torsos under oppressive forces.

• Figures such as Pharaoh and Assyrian king are included in the narrative alongside seraphim wings obscuring YHWH's face.

Prophetic Imagery

• The northern wall features prophets like Amos and Ezekiel beneath pagan gods, illustrating their connection to Israelite suffering.

• Moses is prominently displayed in high relief with the tablets of commandments, highlighting his significance in religious history.

Transition to Christian Themes

• In 1903, Sargent shifts focus towards Christianity in his work; this section emphasizes redemption through vibrant colors reminiscent of medieval art.

• The Trinity is represented by three figures bound by a red tunic adorned with "sanctus," reinforcing themes of holiness.

Symbolism in Color Usage

• Primary colors dominate the angel frieze, symbolizing Christ's passion through various objects associated with his crucifixion.

• Sargent contrasts styles between different walls; he aims for historical accuracy while incorporating elements from medieval art traditions.

Artistic Representation of Christian Themes

Overview of the Third Moment in the Delivery of Sergent

• The third moment involves a detailed exploration of artistic works, particularly focusing on the vault that depicts the dogma of redemption through 15 mysteries of the Rosary, including joyful, glorious, and sorrowful mysteries.

Artistic Elements and Symbolism

• The left side features the "Slave of the Lord," while the right showcases "Our Lady of Sorrows" with seven swords symbolizing her seven sorrows. This arrangement emphasizes contrasting themes within Christian art.

• The western wall illustrates a Christian judgment scene with relief sculptures depicting scales for souls and gates to heaven, highlighting those who pass or fail divine judgment.

Depictions of Mysteries in Art

• The presentation style reflects an international Gothic influence, especially noticeable in central panels representing various mysteries like Annunciation and Nativity, which are adorned with golden reliefs.

• Specific scenes such as the Annunciation are depicted traditionally; angels present Latin translations alongside significant biblical events like Jesus' presentation at the temple.

Sorrowful Mysteries and Their Impact

• The sorrowful mysteries include poignant moments from Christ's life: agony in Gethsemane, scourging at the pillar, crowning with thorns, carrying the cross, crucifixion, and death—each illustrated dramatically to evoke emotional responses.

Transition to New Order Post-Paganism

• Following depictions of pagan gods' downfall (Gog and Magog), Israel is shown under Yahweh’s mantle studying divine law—a shift towards establishing a new order on Earth.

• A chaotic yet dynamic representation shows how pagan deities fall while Israel embraces divine law; this transition signifies hope amidst destruction.

Messianic Era Representation

• The messianic era is portrayed distinctly; a youthful Messiah advances through golden gates into paradise surrounded by symbols like vines and lamb—contrasting previous scenes significantly.

Ascension to Heaven Imagery

• On opposing walls, souls ascend to heaven depicted almost heraldically; figures dressed in white symbolize purity as they grasp hands joyfully while playing harps—evoking feelings of bliss.

Decorative Techniques Used

• Notable decorative techniques include "l'incrusta Walton," a material invented by Frederick Walton for enhancing visual appeal. This technique was widely used for prominent decorations during its time.

Art and Controversy: The Mural Debate

Overview of the Mural's Elements

• The mural features intricate designs, including materials associated with wealth, such as Walton in hotels, bars, and casinos. Notably, some Titanic cabins also had similar decorations.

• A prominent figure depicted in the mural is a green, devilish character representing evil that claims souls, emphasizing a fantastical portrayal of hell.

• The fourth phase of the mural installation occurred in 1919, showcasing two panels: one depicting the synagogue on the left and the Catholic Church on the right with an image of "La Piedad."

Controversial Imagery and Reactions

• The synagogue is represented by a blindfolded figure holding a staff, which sparked outrage for being seen as derogatory towards Judaism. Critics claimed it portrayed a dying religion.

• Sargent faced backlash for this depiction; he was accused of creating an anti-Semitic image that suggested Jewish faith was weak compared to Christianity.

• Critics described Sargent's work as outdated and defamatory towards Judaism. Prominent figures like Leo Franklin condemned it for misrepresenting Jewish history.

Public Backlash and Artistic Intentions

• Many argued that displaying such imagery in a public library was inappropriate since it could influence public perception negatively regarding Judaism.

• In response to criticism, artist Rose Cer created a counter-monument titled "Spirit of the Synagogue," aiming to present Judaism positively.

• Rabbi Rafael Gold criticized the mural's placement within a publicly funded building as unjust for Jewish students who would encounter it regularly.

Sargent’s Defense and Historical Context

• Although Sargent did not publicly defend his work extensively, he privately expressed concern over backlash from Jewish communities regarding his portrayal of the synagogue.

• He referenced historical representations of synagogues in medieval European cathedrals to justify his artistic choices amidst rising anti-Jewish sentiments during 1919–1920.

Conclusion: Societal Impact and Legislative Actions

• Despite Sargent's intentions being arguably benign or misunderstood, societal tensions led to significant controversy surrounding his work during an era marked by intolerance toward Jews.

• The American Society of Fine Arts defended Sargent’s mural as historically accurate despite numerous petitions calling for its removal; legislative actions nearly resulted in its elimination but ultimately failed.

Understanding Sargent's Artistic Journey

The Impact of Personal Loss on Sargent's Work

• Sargent experienced significant personal loss, including the death of his beloved niece during World War I, which influenced his artistic output.

• He was working on a mural for the Boston Museum that would encapsulate key themes from Christianity and Judaism but was unable to complete it due to his untimely death.

The Unfinished Mural Project

• After Sargent's passing, the mural project fell into obscurity as no one was hired to finish it, leaving a gap in the narrative he intended to convey.

• The last panel installed before his death sparked complex discussions about its symbolism and significance within Sargent’s broader work.

Symbolism and Influences in Sargent's Art

• Scholars note that Sargent drew inspiration from Michelangelo and incorporated both Baroque and Renaissance elements into his work.

• Key themes identified by scholars include individualism versus law, subjective experience, and a reaction to World War I.

Literary Influences on Sargent

• Ernest Renan’s writings significantly influenced Sargent; he aimed to demonstrate intellectual depth through complex narratives in public art.

• Despite not being deeply religious, Sargent chose religious themes for public works, raising questions about his motivations at the peak of his career.

Contextualizing Religious Themes in Public Art

• By selecting religious subjects over more conventional literary themes, such as Spanish literature, Sargent sought to showcase both talent and intellect.

• Renan’s "Life of Jesus" (1863), published 27 years prior to Sargent's project initiation, reflects the intellectual climate influencing artists during this period.

Reception of Renan’s Works

• Renan published five volumes on Israel between 1887 and 1893; these were well-regarded among certain circles despite being deemed inappropriate for younger audiences due to their sacrilegious implications.

• Friends noted that Sargent encouraged reading Hebrew scriptures for their adventurous storytelling quality while also promoting Christian literature.

Controversial Perspectives on Jesus' Life

• Renan portrayed Jesus primarily as a human figure rather than divine; this perspective resonated with both him and later with Sargent in their artistic expressions.

Sargent's Artistic Evolution and the Sermon on the Mount

The Role of the Sermon on the Mount in Sargent's Work

• Renan posits that a critical moment for humanity occurs with the Sermon on the Mount, which Jesus uses to establish guidelines for a new, elevated church that is anti-institutional and democratic.

• This perspective inspired Sargent to modify his original plans, leading him to request changes from architect Charles McKim regarding three significant panels depicting Christ preaching to crowds.

Artistic Decisions and Changes

• On September 28, 1893, shortly after starting his project, Sargent sought approval for these panels as they would significantly influence his treatment of other elements in his work.

• He expressed eagerness about completing this aspect of decoration, believing it would be crucial to his overall theme.

• Although initially not part of his plan, Sargent felt compelled by his readings to represent both synagogue and church alongside an evolved vision represented by the Sermon on the Mount.

Controversy and Iconography

• The inclusion of synagogue imagery led to controversy; however, Sargent’s intention was not fully realized due to his untimely death before completion.

• His iconographic choices shifted towards more archaic representations as he aimed to depict a transformative step in humanity rather than merely contrasting church and synagogue.

Critique of Religion

• Reflecting societal views at the turn of the century, there was a sentiment that existing religions were inadequate. Critics argued for a new approach beyond traditional institutions.

• Art critics defended Sargent during controversies over religious depictions by suggesting that unfinished works could clarify intentions behind visual narratives.

Evolutionary Themes in Art

• Understanding Sargent's mural requires delving into Renan’s ideas about religion as an evolving concept visually represented through art history.

• Notably, Sargent’s style progressed throughout different phases of this project; he moved towards less conventional artistic expressions while maintaining symbolic depth in representation.

Final Thoughts on Artistic Intentions

• In discussing future decorations, Sargent envisioned an evolution from archaic styles through medieval influences toward naturalism prevalent in Renaissance art.

• His ambition was not just aesthetic but also philosophical—aiming to illustrate spiritual evolution through various historical artistic styles culminating in contemporary interpretations.

• Despite challenges faced during execution—including criticism and eventual death—Sargent's work remains a fascinating exploration of faith through art.

Restoration and Legacy of Sargent's Work

Restoration Efforts

• The restoration process for the artwork began around 2003-2004, addressing years of neglect and lack of care. Various materials such as glass, paper, and wood were involved in this effort.

Insights on Sargent's Career

• Sargent developed his career intelligently, achieving significant success while also aiming to leave a unique legacy for future generations.

• Despite being overshadowed by his role as a portraitist, Sargent dedicated himself to showcasing his broader artistic capabilities.

Historical Context and Reception

• There is minimal scholarly attention on Sargent’s work at the Boston Public Library; it is often overlooked by art historians despite its controversial themes related to race and religion.

• The discussion emphasizes that rather than personal interpretation, there should be an appreciation for the literary foundation behind Sargent's visual representation.

Reflections on Artistic Timing

• Reverend Thomas Vanes recalled a conversation with Sargent regarding a central mural piece that was deemed inappropriate for its time due to spiritual maturity concerns within society.

Conclusion and Engagement

• The session concludes with an invitation for audience feedback about their experiences with Sargent’s work and encourages engagement through subscriptions and likes.

• Emphasis is placed on appreciating the artistic quality of the works discussed, highlighting the challenges faced in narrating their historical context effectively.