L-1.1: Introduction to Operating System and its Functions with English Subtitles

Introduction to Operating System and its Functionalities

This section provides an introduction to operating systems and discusses their functionalities.

Introduction to Operating System

• An operating system is a system software that acts as an interface between the user and hardware. It facilitates the interaction between the user and the hardware components of a computer system.

Why Do We Need an Operating System?

• Without an operating system, users would have to write programs for each hardware device they want to access, making the interaction between users and hardware complex.

• The operating system provides convenience by allowing users to access hardware in an easier way. It simplifies the process of accessing different devices without requiring users to write individual programs for each device.

Primary Functionality of Operating Systems

• The primary goal of an operating system is to provide convenience to the user by facilitating easy access to hardware resources.

• Windows is one example of an operating system that has acquired a significant market share due to its functionality and convenience.

The Popularity of Windows in the Market

This section discusses the popularity of Microsoft Windows in the market and its acquisition of a significant share.

Windows' Popularity and Convenience

• Microsoft Windows acquired a large portion of the market due to its convenience and popularity.

• The operating system provided by Windows is known for its convenience, which is why it is commonly found on laptops.

• Different versions of Windows, such as 2007 and 2008, offer various features and options.

Increasing Complexity and Value of Time

• As time passed, system problems became more complex, and users started valuing their time more.

• Users expect fast execution of their tasks, leading to a need for high throughput in operating systems.

• Throughput refers to the number of tasks executed per unit time. It determines how efficiently an operating system can handle multiple tasks.

Linux's High Throughput

• Linux is known for its high throughput capabilities, making it widely used in maximizing task execution efficiency.

• Although Linux also provides convenience, this comparison highlights why Windows acquired 95% of the market initially - due to convenience alone.

Changing Market Share

• In 2018, Windows' market share decreased to approximately 82%, indicating a decline compared to previous years.

• Linux has gained popularity over time due to its high throughput capabilities.

• Apple's Macintosh operating system also competes well in the market but serves as a different example from Windows and Linux.

Functionalities of Operating Systems

This section explores the functionalities of operating systems and their role in managing resources and processes.

Resource Management

• Operating systems act as resource governors or managers, ensuring efficient allocation and management of system resources.

• Resource management is crucial when multiple users access a system simultaneously, especially on server-level operations.

• The operating system determines how much hardware is allocated to each user and for how long, preventing overload on the system.

Storage and Process Management

• Operating systems handle storage management, which involves managing processes efficiently.

• Processes are executed by the operating system using CPU scheduling algorithms.

• CPU scheduling ensures that multiple processes can be executed simultaneously without conflicts or delays.

Conclusion

The transcript discusses the popularity of Windows in the market due to its convenience, as well as the increasing importance of high throughput in operating systems. It also highlights Linux's rise in popularity and Apple's presence with its Macintosh operating system. Additionally, it covers the functionalities of operating systems, including resource management and process execution through CPU scheduling algorithms.

CPU Scheduling and Operating System Functionality

In this section, the speaker discusses the execution of processes by the CPU and how it is managed by the operating system. They also touch upon storage management, memory management, and security provided by the operating system.

CPU Scheduling

• The execution of processes at the CPU is handled by CPU scheduling.

• Various algorithms are used for efficient access and execution of processes.

• The operating system manages all aspects of process management.

Storage Management

• Storage management involves managing secondary devices such as hard disks.

• The operating system handles how data is stored permanently in the system.

• File systems like NIFS, CFS, CIFS, and NFS are used for storage management in Linux and Windows.

Memory Management

• Memory management deals with managing RAM (Random Access Memory).

• Processes are executed in RAM first before being transferred to the CPU.

• Allocation and deallocation of memory in RAM is crucial due to its limited size.

Security

• Operating systems provide security and privacy features.

• Password authentication is used to ensure only authorized users can access the system.

• Security protocols like Kerberos are employed to secure passwords from unauthorized access.

Conclusion

The speaker covers various functionalities of an operating system including CPU scheduling, storage management, memory management, and security features like password authentication. These functionalities play a crucial role in ensuring efficient execution of processes, proper data storage, resource allocation, and maintaining system security.

This summary has been created based on the provided transcript and may not include all the details from the video.

Introduction to Interfaces

In this section, the speaker introduces the concept of interfaces in operating systems and explains how users interact with them.

User Interface and Accessing Data

• When turning on a laptop, the desktop appears as an interface.

• Users can access data through applications or directly.

• Applications are commonly used to perform tasks like printing files.

• The operating system acts as an interface between the user and hardware.

Shell and Command Prompt

• In Windows, the command prompt allows access to the operating system or kernel.

• In Linux, the terminal is used for direct command input.

• Commands entered through the shell or command prompt are known as system calls.

System Calls and Operating System Functionality

• System calls are essential for operating system functionality.

• Examples of system calls include read, open, and write.

• The operating system facilitates communication between applications, users, and hardware.

Key Points

• Interfaces provide a seamless way for users to interact with hardware through applications.

• The shell or command prompt allows direct access to the operating system or kernel.

• System calls are used by applications to communicate with the operating system.

• Understanding interfaces and system calls is important for exams such as GATE or UGC NET.