Найважливіші теми з програми НМТ з історії

Introduction to the Final Webinar of 2026 Academic Year

Connection Check and Overview

• Participants are asked to confirm their connection by sending a positive reaction in the chat.

• The host announces this is the last free webinar for the 2026 academic year, indicating a sense of urgency and importance.

Upcoming NMT Dates

Important Dates and Platform Stability

• The host notes that participants now know when they will take the NMT (National Multi-Subject Test), highlighting that typically, platform issues arise around these dates but were less severe this year.

• Acknowledgment of varying test dates among students, with some taking it sooner than others, emphasizing time management as crucial in preparation.

Structure of Today's Webinar

Focus on Key Topics for NMT

• This session aims to cover essential topics for the upcoming NMT, responding to frequent student inquiries about which themes are most critical.

• The program includes 32 topics; however, certain themes are highlighted as consistently appearing on tests. Students should focus on these key areas.

Identifying Critical Themes

Most Frequently Asked Topics

• Three main topics identified as crucial:

• Ruina (Topic 9)

• Ukrainian Revolution (Topic 21)

• World War II (Topic 22)

These topics appear regularly in assessments and require thorough understanding.

Introduction of Ruina

Understanding Ruina's Historical Context

• Ruina refers to a significant period in Ukrainian history from Bohdan Khmelnytskyi to Ivan Mazepa (1657–1687), characterized by internal conflict and decline within the Cossack state.

• It involved civil war among Ukrainians and foreign intervention, leading to political instability and fragmentation of power structures within Ukraine.

Key Agreements During Ruina

Gadyach Agreement Significance

• The Gadyach Agreement (1658) is emphasized as one of the most important treaties during this period, establishing three voivodeships under Polish control while granting certain rights to Ukraine.

• Knowledge of these voivodeships—Chernihiv, Bratslav, Kyiv—is deemed essential for students preparing for NMT assessments.

Consequences of Political Decisions

Impact on Ukrainian Sovereignty

• Following Gadyach's signing, tensions arose with Moscow leading to military confrontations like the Battle of Konotop (1659), where Cossacks defeated Muscovites but failed to capitalize on their victory due to internal divisions among Cossacks regarding alliances with Poland or Moscow.

Transitioning Leadership

Shift from Vygovsky to Yuriy Khmelnytskyi

• Yuriy Khmelnytskyi ascended after Vygovsky’s resignation amid dissatisfaction with his policies; he signed Peryaslav Articles aligning Ukraine more closely with Moscow under unfavorable terms for Ukraine's autonomy.

Division Among Cossacks

Fragmentation Post-Peryaslav Articles

• The division between pro-Moscow and pro-Polish factions led to further fragmentation within Ukrainian leadership during this tumultuous period known as "Ruina." Each faction sought different allegiances based on regional interests and historical ties.

Danylo Doroshenko's Role

Emergence as a Unifying Figure

• Danylo Doroshenko aimed at uniting both banks under his rule despite being initially aligned with Poland; he was referred to as "the sun of ruin" due to his aspirations amidst chaos.

Important Treaties: Andrusovo Peace Treaty

Territorial Implications

• The Andrusovo Peace Treaty (1667), although not negotiated by Ukrainians directly affected their territorial integrity by dividing lands between Poland and Moscow without Ukrainian consent.

Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty

Finalizing Borders

• Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty established borders between Turkey and Moscow along the Dnieper River while affirming Russian control over Zaporizhzhia Sitch amidst ongoing conflicts over territory.

This structured approach provides clarity into each segment discussed during the webinar while ensuring easy navigation through timestamps linked directly back into specific parts of the transcript content.

The Formation of the Ukrainian Army and Autonomy

Initial Resistance to Military Formation

• Mikhnovsky attempted to create a regiment named after Polubotko, recognizing the importance of military organization despite opposition from the Ukrainian Central Rada, which questioned the need for an army.

• Instead of a formal army, a police-like force called Free Cossacks was established under Pavlo Skoropadsky's leadership.

Negotiations for Autonomy

• In June 1917, negotiations began with Russians as Ukrainians sought autonomy; however, they were met with rejection.

• Following this refusal, Ukrainians declared autonomy through the First Universal in June 1917, emphasizing their desire for self-governance within Russia.

Establishment of Government Structures

• Shortly after declaring autonomy, the General Secretariat was formed as a governing body akin to today's Cabinet of Ministers.

• The General Secretariat emerged directly from the proclamation of the First Universal and was led by Volodymyr Vynnychenko.

The Second Universal and Its Implications

Russian Response to Ukrainian Autonomy

• The declaration of autonomy angered Russian authorities leading to the issuance of the Second Universal which effectively revoked Ukraine's autonomy until further elections could be held.

• While not outright banning autonomy, it suggested postponing its implementation indefinitely.

Reactions and Consequences

• This compromise incited outrage among supporters like Mikhnovsky’s Polubotkivtsi who staged an armed protest against it.

Escalating Tensions Between Ukraine and Russia

Restrictions Imposed on Ukrainian Governance

• In August 1917, a temporary instruction limited the powers of Ukraine's General Secretariat to only five provinces: Volynia, Podilia, Kyiv, Chernihiv, and Poltava.

Political Landscape Post-Bolshevik Revolution

• Following the Bolshevik Revolution in October 1917 (new style), tensions escalated as different factions vied for control over Russia.

The Third Universal: A Reaction Against Bolshevism

Declaration Against Bolshevik Rule

• Ukrainians issued the Third Universal in November 1917 in response to Bolshevik power consolidation.

• This document proclaimed Ukraine as part of non-Bolshevik Russia while rejecting Bolshevik authority.

Conflict Over Territorial Control

• By December 1917, Lenin issued an ultimatum recognizing Ukraine but demanded that Bolsheviks hold power there or face war.

Struggles for Power in Ukraine

Attempts at Peaceful Control by Bolsheviks

• The Bolsheviks tried peaceful means to gain influence through congresses but faced resistance from local populations.

Establishment of Soviet Authority in Kharkiv

• They eventually declared Kharkiv as a Soviet city after successfully organizing support among their followers.

German Intervention and New Leadership

German Support for Ukrainian Independence

• As internal conflicts continued without a strong army on their side against advancing Bolsheviks, Ukrainians sought alliances with Germany during WWI.

Brest-Litovsk Treaty Outcomes

• In February 1918 , following declarations of independence , Germans agreed to assist against Bolsheviks in exchange for food supplies .

Rise and Fall of Skoropadsky

Skoropadsky’s Regime

• On April 29th , he seized power with German backing , establishing himself as Hetman while sidelining previous leaders from Central Rada .

• His government focused on economic development favoring landowners over peasants leading to widespread discontent among rural populations .

Cultural Developments Under Skoropadsky

• Despite his authoritarian rule , he promoted cultural initiatives including making Ukrainian language official and establishing educational institutions .

Return Of Directorates

Shift Back To Democratic Leadership

• After Germany lost WWI , public unrest led to Skoropadsky’s downfall resulting in return towards more democratic governance under Directorates composed mainly former Central Rada members .

Western Ukrainian Independence Movements

• Concurrently , Western regions declared independence forming ZUNR aiming at unification later with UPR into one state .

Challenges Faced by UPR

External Threat From Poland And Soviets

• Following unification attempts between UPR & ZUNR both faced immediate threats from Polish forces seeking territorial gains alongside renewed aggression from Soviets .

Internal Conflicts Within UPR Leadership

• Amidst these challenges Petliura took charge facing difficulties maintaining unity amongst various factions including local warlords known as Atamans .

The Recognition of Soviet Power in Ukraine by Poland

Historical Context of the Treaty

• In 1921, Poland recognized the establishment of Soviet power in Ukraine, acknowledging the Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic).

• This treaty allowed Poland to gain control over Western Ukrainian territories while permitting Bolsheviks to seize power across much of Ukraine.

Petliura's Struggles and Second Winter Campaign

Challenges Faced by Petliura

• Symon Petliura faced a dire situation with no allies, support, or army; he attempted a second winter campaign in 1921.

• Ukrainian military leaders organized underground movements aiming for a popular uprising but lacked success.

The Failure at Bazar

Outcome of the Campaign

• The second winter campaign ended unsuccessfully when Ukrainian forces were encircled and executed near Bazar, leading to the establishment of Soviet authority in Ukraine.

• From 1920 onwards, Bolsheviks maintained control over Ukraine for 70 years until 1991.

Transitioning to World War II Topics

Overview of Upcoming Discussions

• The speaker anticipates discussing World War II as an easier topic compared to previous subjects like revolution and ruin.

• World War II began in 1939 with Germany and the Soviet Union jointly attacking Poland.

The Pact Between Germany and the USSR

Secret Agreements

• On August 23, 1939, Germany and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact that secretly included plans to invade Poland.

• They divided spheres of influence along rivers; Germany took one part while Stalin claimed another.

Stalin's Delayed Attack on Poland

Justification for Timing

• Stalin delayed his attack on Poland until September 17, waiting 17 days after Hitler’s invasion to avoid appearing as an aggressor.

• He framed his actions as liberating Ukrainians from German aggression despite having previously colluded with Hitler.

Territorial Gains by Stalin

Expansion into Eastern Europe

• Following his invasion on September 17, Stalin annexed Western Ukrainian territories previously under Polish control.

• By expanding into Belarus and Baltic states, he aimed to solidify Soviet influence across Eastern Europe.

Operation Barbarossa: Turning Point

Shift in Alliances

• On June 22, 1941, Hitler unexpectedly attacked the USSR despite their prior alliance.

• This marked the beginning of direct conflict between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II.

Initial Stages of German Invasion

Military Strategy

• Hitler planned a rapid conquest through "Blitzkrieg," intending to capture vast territories before winter set in.

Key Dates During Occupation

Timeline of Conquests

• Kyiv fell on September 19th , followed by Odessa on October16th , then Sevastopol was captured after a prolonged siege lasting250 days.

• By July22nd ,1942 , all territory within Ukraine was under German occupation .

Life Under Nazi Occupation

Impact on Population

• Throughout WWII , various regions experienced differing lengths of occupation ; however , all areas were ultimately subjected to German rule .

• Germans implemented plans labeled “Ost” which outlined their approach towards managing occupied territories including utilizing locals primarily as laborers .

Racial Policies Under Nazism

Ideological Framework

• Hitler viewed Slavs as inferior beings meant only for servitude while Aryans were deemed superior .

• Territories such as Galicia were reassigned back into Polish governance even though independent Poland did not exist at that time .

Administrative Changes Within Occupied Regions

Governance Structure

• Nazi authorities established Reichskommissariat Ukraine with Rivne designated its capital under Erich Koch’s leadership.

• Areas close proximity frontline remained unincorporated due ongoing military operations against Soviets .

Holocaust: Systematic Extermination

Genocide Against Jews

• Approximately 1.4 million Jews perished during this period ; Kyiv became notorious for mass executions particularly at Babyn Yar shortly after its capture by Nazis .

Labor Shortages & Forced Labor Programs

Economic Exploitation

• As men went off fighting wars abroad , women could not sustain industries leading Germans recruit workers from occupied lands known as Ostarbeiter .

Resistance Movements Against Occupation

Forms Of Opposition

• Collaboration occurred among some individuals/groups willing cooperate with occupiers termed collaborators while others formed resistance movements opposing both Nazis/Soviet forces alike.

Divergent Goals Among Resistance Groups

Nationalist vs Communist Objectives

-[] ( T ==4062 S). Two main factions emerged : communist partisans sought restoration Soviets’ authority whereas nationalists aimed independence for Ukraine itself .

Conclusion:

The notes provide an overview covering significant historical events related specifically towards understanding dynamics surrounding both world wars impacting modern-day Ukraine highlighting key figures involved throughout these tumultuous periods emphasizing ideological conflicts present during those times shaping current realities faced today.