WONDERS OF ICELAND | The country that looks like another planet

Iceland: A Land of Fire and Ice

Introduction to Iceland's Natural Wonders

• Iceland is characterized by its unique landscapes where fire (volcanic activity) and ice (glaciers) coexist, creating astonishing natural wonders.

• The documentary aims to explore some of the most remote and hidden places in Iceland, showcasing nature's dominance over man.

Fagradalsfjall Volcanic System

• Located on the Reykjanes peninsula, Fagradalsfjall is a volcanic system comprising multiple cones and fissures rather than a single volcano.

• This area lies at the divergent boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates, with its formation dating back to the last glacial period.

• Lava from eruptions can exceed 1000 degrees Celsius (1800 degrees Fahrenheit), cooling quickly upon contact with air to form solid crusts.

Eruption Dynamics

• Accessibility from Reykjavik has made Fagradalsfjall a popular site for visitors during eruptions, which create spectacular rivers of fire and fresh lava formations.

• Post-eruption conditions can be dangerous due to volcanic gases; caution is advised as burning lava may remain beneath thin crust layers.

Lytli-Khrutar Volcano

• Part of the Fagradalsfjall system, Lytli-Khrutar features smooth magma flows that create visible lines of fire through ground fissures during eruptions.

• Over time, these eruptions lead to the accumulation of cooled lava around fissures, forming stable structures with central craters for lava exit points.

Geyser Geothermal Area

• The Hokodalar Valley hosts one of the world's most spectacular geothermal fields filled with hot springs, mud pits, and geysers marked by vibrant colors.

• The Great Geyser has fluctuated between periods of activity and dormancy; earthquakes often reactivate it but its overall activity diminishes over time.

Historical Significance: Thingvellir National Park

• Thingvellir National Park holds historical importance as the site where Icelandic democracy began with the establishment of its first parliament in 930 AD.

• It is also geologically significant as it sits at a point where North American and Eurasian tectonic plates drift apart, allowing direct observation of this process on land.

Silfra Fissure: A Diver’s Paradise

• Silfra is a channel filled with meltwater from Langyokul Glacier known for its crystal-clear waters filtered through lava rocks over decades—ideal for cold water diving experiences.

Vatnajökull Glacier Overview

• Vatnajökull is Europe’s largest glacier covering about 8% of Iceland's territory; it features multiple glacier tongues extending into valleys and lowlands below.

Crevasses Formation

• Crevasses are formed due to stresses in glacial ice; they become more visible during warmer months when melting leads to rivers carving intricate paths through landscapes.

Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon

• Formed about a century ago due to glacier retreating, Jökulsárlón contains numerous icebergs varying in shape and color—some appearing intensely blue due to compression over time while others are white from trapped air bubbles.

Diamond Beach

• Icebergs drift into a river connecting Jökulsárlón Lagoon to the Atlantic Ocean before being washed ashore at Diamond Beach—a striking contrast against black sand resembling precious stones.(1079)

Studlagil Canyon Formation

• Revealed after dam construction reduced river flow in 2009; walls consist of basalt pillars shaped by cooling lava contraction creating geometric patterns.(1148)

Northern Lights Phenomenon

• Visible near Arctic Circle away from urban light pollution; caused by solar wind particles colliding with atmospheric gases resulting in colorful displays like bright green emitted by oxygen molecules.(1217)

Natural Wonders of Iceland

Glacial Phenomena and Unique Landscapes

• Red hues in glaciers like Vatna-yokul and Longyokul occur when solar particles react with oxygen at high altitudes, creating stunning natural formations.

• The intense blue color of denser ice is a result of years of compression; during warmer months, water flows through cracks, forming streams inside the glacier caves.

• The Westmen Islands, including Hemi (the largest inhabited island), were formed by volcanic eruptions 10 to 12,000 years ago and are characterized by their unique geological features.

• Eltfeld volcano on Hemi erupted in 1973, covering one-third of the island with lava and ash, which expanded its territory significantly.

• The ocean has sculpted natural arches like Elephant Rock through wave action, showcasing the dynamic interaction between land and sea.

Geothermal Activity and Volcanic Landscapes

• Kwerish's landscape features red and orange earth due to mineral concentrations; fumaroles emit steam and gases from underground magma chambers.

• Mud pots at Kwerish form when steam rises through clay deposits; caution is advised due to hazardous gas emissions in the area.

• Uranus Fjara's black sands originate from eroded volcanic rocks; winter transforms Reynisfiara beach into a visually striking contrast of sand, snow, and ice.

• Local legends claim that Rainist Thronger rock pillars are trolls turned to stone at dawn while attempting to drag ships ashore; strong waves make this beach treacherous for visitors.

Waterfalls and Hot Springs

• Skogafoss waterfall features a wide drop into a deep pond fed by Ejafjallan Joko Glacier; local lore suggests buried treasure behind it was lost after being briefly discovered.

• Reykjadallur Hot Springs is known as the world's hot spring capital with various geothermal features creating a misty landscape filled with natural pools for bathing.

• Visitors can choose from different temperature pools in Reykjadallur due to varying geothermal activity throughout the area.

Geological Formations

• Fjardraglufa Canyon showcases breathtaking rocky formations believed to have formed during the last Ice Age over 9,000 years ago along the Fjardra River's path.

• Aeafiala yoko is one of Iceland's smallest glaciers located in a seismically active region where frequent earthquakes precede volcanic eruptions beneath its ice cap.

• Nuka Yigar is a dormant volcano that hasn't erupted in about 4,000 years; it offers exploration opportunities within its interior unlike most volcanoes that seal their magma chambers post-eruption.

Significant Geological Events

• Suitsa emerged from an underwater eruption between 1963 and 1967 as part of significant geological milestones allowing scientists to study new island formation processes.

Iceland's Geological Wonders and Ecological Impact

The Natural Laboratory of Iceland

• Iceland serves as a natural laboratory, showcasing geological and biological processes without human interference. It is home to diverse flora and fauna, including numerous plants, birds, and hundreds of invertebrate species.

Historical Volcanic Eruptions

• The Locke Fissure emerged from volcanic eruptions between 1783 and 1784, releasing an immense volume of lava that ranks among the largest documented eruptions. This event poisoned pastures, leading to livestock deaths and a famine that decimated 25% of the Icelandic population.

• The eruption significantly impacted global climate by lowering temperatures and spreading toxic fog across Europe, which resulted in thousands of respiratory disease-related deaths. Some historians link the poor harvests caused by this eruption to social unrest leading up to the French Revolution.

Formation of Unique Landscapes

• El Trein features a vast lava field covered by moss over time. Initially lifeless, it gradually became colonized by mosses and lichens after the molten lava hardened into rugged terrain.

• Söyljalandfors waterfalls cascade over cliffs shaped by tectonic movements, revealing how Iceland's landscape has evolved. These waterfalls are part of the Selyalansa River originating from the Eiafiala Yoko Glacier.

Geothermal Features and Biodiversity

• Lundmanaluger is known for its hot springs used for bathing; it attracts hiking enthusiasts due to its scenic location amidst mountains and lava fields.

• The mountains exhibit vibrant colors due to rhyolite minerals formed from rapidly cooled silica-rich lava. The black Logorum lava field from a 1477 eruption showcases complex solidified shapes.

Lakes Formed by Volcanic Activity

• Froststadt-Devaat lake was created through volcanic activity where flowing lava trapped water behind natural barriers. Nearby Blahilleur is a crater lake formed within an explosion's remnants.

• Kerlinger fjord features rhyolite peaks with geothermal areas where water emerges as heated springs; mud pots display boiling mud due to magmatic activity.

Thorsmork Nature Reserve

• Mork A nature reserve lies between glaciers with lush vegetation uncommon in much of Iceland. Named after Thor, it boasts rich biodiversity including mosses and wildflowers.

• Glacial rivers flow through valleys with seasonal variations affecting their strength; recovery occurred post-eruption in 2010 when nearby Eiafjallaljoko erupted.

Blue Lagoon: A Man-Made Marvel

• Blue Lagoon is a geothermal spa featuring milky blue waters surrounded by black volcanic rock; its warm waters contain high silica levels contributing to its unique appearance.

Powerful Waterfalls

• Tetefosch waterfall is one of Europe's most powerful waterfalls characterized by its width and volume; visitors can feel ground tremors near its edge due to energy release from glacial sediments carried in the water.

Bird Watching Haven

• Porca Theodore village offers excellent bird watching opportunities with reserves for Atlantic puffins built to minimize human disturbance during nesting seasons.

Rare Geological Phenomenon

• In Miiva Lake area, pseudo-craters formed when hot lava met water causing explosive steam transformations that left holes filled with volcanic material—an unusual geological occurrence worldwide.

Kerr Crater and Geological Features of Iceland

Kerr Crater

• The Kerr crater features a lake at its base, with walls stained in rusty red and brown hues.

• At only 6,500 years old, it is considered young compared to other geological formations in the region.

• It is believed that the crater was once a conical volcano whose eruptions led to the collapse of its cone.

• Unlike many craters filled with rainwater, Kareids Lake is thought to be fed by groundwater.

Golfoss Waterfall

• Golfoss, known as the Golden Waterfall, has a rich history tied to local legends about hidden treasure.

• Located in the Kuytau River Canyon, it consists of two main waterfalls shaped over millennia by water flow.

• The waterfall's impressive scenery is particularly striking during summer due to abundant water flow.

Snifelsjökull National Park: A Geological Wonderland

Overview of Snifelsjökull National Park

• Named after Snifel's Yoko Volcano, which features a glacier visible from Reykjavik.

• The park served as inspiration for Jules Verne’s "Journey to the Center of the Earth."

• It showcases diverse geological formations including lava tubes and volcanic craters.

Kirkufeld Mountain

• Kirkufeld stands out on the Snifelsnes Peninsula with its unique conical shape rising independently from sea level.

• Its appearance results from volcanic eruptions followed by glacial erosion; it turns lush green in summer.

Grimse Island and Its Unique Geography

Grimse Island Characteristics

• Located north of Iceland's coast within the Arctic Circle, Grimse experiences 24 hours of light in summer and near-total darkness in winter.

• The island's terrain contrasts sharply with mainland Iceland’s mountainous landscape; it remains flat with minimal human habitation.

Threatdranga Viti Lighthouse

• This lighthouse serves as a solitary guardian amidst vast North Atlantic waters and can be accessed by sea or helicopter.

• Constructed in 1939, its building was notable due to challenging geographical conditions.

Godofors: The Waterfall of Gods

Godofors Waterfall Insights

• In winter, Godofors transforms into an ice paradise adorned with intricate ice formations.

• Known historically as "the waterfall of gods," it flows from Skolvandlflot river originating from basalt mountains and lava fields.

Krafla Caldera: A Volcanic Powerhouse

Krafla Geothermal System

• Krafla is defined by fissures around a central volcano forming an extensive volcanic system near Lake Miwa.

• VT lake emerged post-eruption featuring turquoise waters contrasting against rocky surroundings.

• Krafla Geothermal Power Station utilizes subsurface energy through turbines powered by steam from hot water beneath ground.

Geological Layers and Erosion Effects

Geological Insights

• Surrounding areas have experienced continuous volcanic activity leading to distinct geological layers visible on cliff walls.

• Red lines on cliffs are clay layers formed from compacted volcanic ash oxidized upon exposure to oxygen over time.

Seagulls Ooglufer: Nature’s Canyon

Canyon Characteristics

• Seagulls Ooglufer is known as "the Valley of Tears," characterized by steep walls and multiple cascading waterfalls.

• Erosion caused by water flow and earthquakes gradually shapes canyon walls while meltwater feeds numerous waterfalls within.

Havra Ilsefors: A Powerful Natural Wonder

Havra Ilsefors Details

• Located within Vatnayoko National Park, this waterfall descends into Joculsar-Lukfø Canyon shaped by glacial floods over centuries.

Katla Volcano: An Active Force

Katla Volcano Overview

• Katla is one of Europe’s most active volcanoes hidden under Mirdalsjökull Glacier; named after a witch from Norse mythology who perished there.

• Over recent decades, Katla has had several explosive eruptions monitored closely using seismographs due to their potential danger.

Elthia Canyon

• Within Katla lies Elthia—the largest volcanic canyon globally—formed during one of history's largest lava floods in 939 AD.

Blue Frabui Waterfall

• Hidden behind cliffs making access difficult; its name translates to “Dweller of the Gorge,” reflecting its secluded location within narrow canyons.

Waterfalls and Geological Wonders of Iceland

Unique Waterfalls and Their Origins

• The Perlnfosser waterfall is less visible due to its location behind a large cliff, but visitors can access its base, which features moss-covered walls.

• Lava Waterfalls are formed from meltwater flowing through porous volcanic rock, with legends attributing their creation to a sorcerer who diverted the Kuwita River.

• La Glure Canyon, also known as Moulin Foss, has steep slopes and rocky cliffs that contribute to the formation of tall waterfalls along its floor.

Historical Significance and Natural Features

• Fosses the Seadoo waterfall near Curcubire Clouster incorporates a historic farm dating back to Viking times, mentioned in early Icelandic literature.

• Máilifetj volcano is starkly visible against black sand deserts; it emerged around 10,000 years ago after being covered by the Mirdalsdjökull Glacier.

Scenic Landscapes and Wildlife

• Dear Hola'e Lighthouse offers panoramic views of the Atlantic Ocean; built in 1927, it aids ships approaching Iceland's southern coast.

• The area surrounding the lighthouse features geological formations like Dirholae Arch shaped by volcanic eruptions and wave action; it's also ideal for bird watching.

Remote Regions of Iceland

• The West Fjords peninsula is one of Iceland's most remote areas with deep bays and towering cliffs like Latra biar, which serve as breeding grounds for puffins.

• Rottessunder Beach showcases varying shades of red due to marine organisms in its composition; another natural feature here is Dinyandi waterfall resembling a bridal veil.

Crater Lakes and Iconic Mountains

• Piotipolar crater lake was formed by an explosive eruption in 1477; its blue waters contrast with red walls adorned with green mosses.

• Westrahorn mountain is iconic for its sharp peaks made of gabbro and granite; Stocksness beach nearby features unusual green mounds amidst black sands.

Hidden Gems and Cultural Heritage

• Aestrahorn mountain provides solitude but is challenging to access; it rises directly from the sea with rapidly changing weather conditions affecting visibility.

• Nate Tussigil waterfall requires careful navigation through narrow passages before revealing a hidden pool at its end.

Geothermal Features and Coastal Town History

• Kvejfer is one of the largest tough rings globally created by an explosive eruption about 2500 years ago; it lacks vegetation due to acidic soil.

• Husavik town is known as the whale-watching capital where various cetacean species can be observed. It evolved from a whale hunting center into a hub for cetacean observation.

Folklore and Natural Beauty

• Auspyrgi canyon was formed during glacial floods; local folklore attributes hoof prints found there to Sleipnir, Odin's horse.

• Björnnafos waterfall stands out for both height and power while legends speak of mythical beings residing in nearby caves.

Nulhemasunder Plainwreck: A Historical Overview

The Douglas DC-3 Crash

• The remains of a Douglas DC-3 from the U.S. Navy, which crashed on November 21, 1973, after running out of fuel.

• The crash site is located on Solheim Asander beach, where the aircraft was left abandoned due to high recovery costs.

• Current remnants include the fuselage, parts of wings, and tail section resting on volcanic sand.

Reykjavik: Iceland's Capital City

Historical Significance and Cleanliness

• Reykjavik is noted as the closest capital city to the North Pole and was established by Viking explorers in 874.

• It is recognized for being one of the cleanest, greenest, and safest cities globally.

Unique Features

• Underlying volcanic activity in Reykjavik allows for electricity generation.

• The city experiences illuminated nights from May to August and limited daylight from December to February.

Architectural Highlights

Notable Structures

• Hotscream Skirka Church features a design inspired by lava columns; construction began in 1945 and took over 40 years to complete.

Lisa Fjordr: An Administrative Center

Natural Beauty and History

• Lisa Fjordr serves as an administrative center for West Fjords with stunning natural settings including mountains and fjords leading to Greenland Sea.

Fishing Heritage

• Historically one of Iceland's largest fishing ports with trading roots dating back to the 16th century.

Lupine Fields: Environmental Impact

Introduction and Growth

• Lupine fields were introduced in the 20th century to combat deforestation and enhance soil fertility across vast areas of Iceland.

Ecological Benefits

• They support native plant growth and local animal survival while creating colorful landscapes during summer blooms.

Eltporc Crater: Geological Insights

Volcanic Origin

• Eltporc translates to "fire fortress" in Icelandic; it formed from a fissure eruption approximately 5,000 to 8,000 years ago.

Popular Hiking Destination

• Its accessibility makes it a favored hiking spot among tourists seeking panoramic views from its summit.

Akuriri: Northern Capital

Historical Settlement

• Helgrimagri Aewyn Darsen was the first settler; Akuriri lies near the Arctic Circle surrounded by snow-capped mountains.

Architectural Blend

• The city showcases a mix of traditional wooden houses alongside modern architecture while enjoying a mild climate due to ocean currents.

Hornstrander: Remote Wilderness

Ecosystem Preservation

• Hornstrander is largely uninhabited with an intact ecosystem making it ideal for observing arctic foxes in their natural habitat during summer months.

Siglu Fjordr: Fishing Village History

Geographic Isolation

• Siglu Fjordr is nestled within steep mountains along Tratla Skiagi Peninsula; once known as Atlantic Herring Capital before tunnel constructions improved access.

Criotugia Cave: Thermal Springs Discovery

Mystical Atmosphere

• Criotugia Cave contains an underground thermal spring with intense blue water that creates a mystical ambiance but became too hot for safe bathing post-seismic activity.

Nivot Nature Baths: Geothermal Wonders

Natural Pools

• Nivot Nature Baths feature milky blue thermal waters heated by geothermal sources believed beneficial for skin health.

Graubrock Crater: Volcanic Landscape

Extinct Volcano Characteristics

• Graubrock Crater formed about 3,000 years ago showcasing typical conical shapes made up of ancient eruption rocks.

Glacial River Brara & Celestial Blue Rapids

Unique Water Composition

• Glacial River Brara flows through dark volcanic rock formations creating celestial blue rapids resulting from meltwater mixed with mineral-rich spring water.

Peak Village & Coastal Threat

Community Resilience

• Peak village faces threats due to proximity to volcano Cutler yet maintains traditional architecture amidst scenic black sand beaches.

Fjall Sarlan Lagoon & Iceberg Spectacle

Lesser-Known Natural Beauty

• Located at foot of Fjall Sjökull Glacier, this lagoon features large ice masses breaking off into deep blue waters displaying various colors over centuries.

Exploring Iceland's Natural Wonders

Coastal Landscapes and Glaciers

• The coastal region features steep cliffs and mountains that rise dramatically from the shore, with calm waters reflecting the sky and surroundings.

• A notable glacier between volcanoes Kalla and Eafiaila Yoko is part of the Mirdalsjökel Glacier, known for its large crevasses suitable for climbing. Proper equipment and technical skills are essential, often requiring experienced guides.

• Summer is typically the best time for glacier climbing, while nearby Prunalu offers a natural thermal pool believed to have been used by locals for centuries due to its geothermal heating.

Waterfalls and Unique Geological Features

• Fed by the Wat Ngayoko Glacier, a waterfall cascades down from Skiathan Dalflote River, framed by black basalt columns that enhance its visual appeal.

• Quetzircher is a unique rock formation resembling various animals like a rhinoceros or dragon. Local legend suggests it was once a troll turned to stone at dawn.

Historical Sites and Cultural Landmarks

• The Secret Lagoon is Iceland's oldest geothermal pool, opened in 1891. Nearby ski fjordor has historical significance as a vital port with colorful houses set against rugged terrain.

• Haifoss is one of Iceland's tallest waterfalls located in Fjörsardarlar valley. It requires a short hike to access its stunning views alongside Grani waterfall.

Volcanic Craters and Tourist Attractions

• Radascal volcanic crater formed through violent eruptions showcases wavy shapes due to magma exposure. Stullerfoss waterfall features beautiful basalt columns resembling an amphitheater structure.

• Viking Village was initially created as a film set but evolved into a tourist attraction showcasing traditional Nordic architecture near Mount Westerhorn.

Modern Monuments and Urban Development

• Arctic Henge near Ravenhoff consists of large stone structures arranged circularly, inspired by Norse mythology; it functions as a sundial capturing sunlight at specific points throughout the day.

• Sielfos serves as southern Iceland’s largest residential area, acting as a gateway to attractions like the Golden Circle while blending modern earthquake-resistant buildings with traditional designs post-reconstruction after 2008 earthquakes.

Settlements and Folklore

• Reykjavík was settled by Vikings in the 9th century; trade began with England in the 15th century. The city sits on lava from an ancient eruption over 7,300 years ago amidst local folklore about elves residing in surrounding lava fields.

• Sikyu Shulmar gained fame as filming location for "The Secret Life of Walter Middy" while serving ferry services to west fjords; Stikisjolma Kerkja church stands out for its modern design contrasting traditional styles.

Fishing Communities and Natural Backdrops

• Grunda Fjorda village on Snifilsnes Peninsula has historically been fishing-oriented due to abundant sea access; French traders established churches around 1800 amid stunning natural scenery including Curcufel mountain visible from town.

• Kriysuvik cliffs along Reykjanes peninsula form natural coastal walls shaped by past lava flows; wind erosion creates vertical basalt formations with reddish hues resulting from iron mineral oxidation.

Pilgrimage Sites and Hidden Treasures

• Khran Darkyurka church built by sailors who survived storms symbolizes gratitude towards divine guidance; it remains one of Iceland’s most visited pilgrimage sites despite being small in size.

Overall, this exploration highlights Iceland's diverse landscapes ranging from glaciers to waterfalls while intertwining cultural history through settlements and legends that enrich visitors' experiences across this remarkable island nation.

Exploring Iceland's Natural Wonders and Cultural Heritage

Unique Waterfalls and Historical Sites

• Bigande Foss is a notable waterfall located in eastern Iceland, flowing directly into the ocean.

• Hofskurkja, built in 1884, is one of the last remaining turf churches on the island, showcasing traditional architecture.

• The tiny houses known as alful are constructed to signal the presence of elves, reflecting local folklore.

• Lufausch farm has been inhabited by clergy since early Christianity, highlighting its historical significance.

• Krofla's Shower provides continuous hot water from an underground source, demonstrating geothermal activity.

Geological Features and Flora

• Gyaoin Canyon features waterfalls and lush vegetation including mosses and ferns that create a green oasis amidst rocky surroundings.

• An unusual rock structure named Anadranger can be found on Rhenysfjara beach, adding to Iceland's unique geological landscape.

• The DC-3 aircraft crash site from 1969 serves as a historical landmark north of Iceland.

Iconic Churches and Scenic Locations

• Grava Kyrkja is recognized as the oldest church in Iceland, dating back to the 17th century.

• Garmes town is situated on a small peninsula within Borgia Fjorda Fjord, offering picturesque views.

• Student know FOS is a tranquil waterfall located in less-traveled areas of Iceland.

Natural Phenomena and Weather Conditions

• Sigurdufoss waterfall is noted for unpredictable weather conditions characterized by sudden temperature changes and strong winds in its vicinity.

• Basalt columns form a cliff near certain waterfalls; their uniformity creates natural barriers that enhance scenic beauty.

Wildlife Adaptations and Cultural Practices

• Sheep were introduced by Viking settlers over a thousand years ago; they have adapted well to Iceland’s climate by grazing during summer months.

• Farmers participate in re-ectionry each September to gather sheep for winter preparation after allowing them to graze freely during summer months.

• The Icelandic horse breed remains pure due to geographic isolation; they are smaller yet possess remarkable strength suited for harsh climates.