LEY JONES FINAL 1

The Beginning of the Crisis and World War I's Impact on Puerto Rico and the U.S.

Overview of World War I and Political Context

• The First World War, referred to as the Great European War, began in 1914 during Muñoz Rivera's tenure as Resident Commissioner in Washington, advocating for political reforms in Puerto Rico.

• Despite multiple attempts by Muñoz Rivera to secure local governance reforms for Puerto Ricans, none were successful as Congress did not act on his proposed bills.

U.S. Involvement in World War I

• With Woodrow Wilson's election in 1912, the U.S. shifted towards a more interventionist foreign policy, coinciding with growing discussions about Puerto Rican political changes.

• Historians suggest that the U.S. was preparing to enter the war and needed soldiers, making political changes from Puerto Rico more appealing to Congress.

Legislative Changes and Reforms

• Muñoz Rivera passed away before witnessing the results of his efforts; however, he initiated approval processes for significant reforms leading to the Jones Act (or Second Organic Law).

• Signed by President Wilson on March 2, 1917, this law granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans despite opposition from some local politicians.

Economic Implications and Governance Structure

• The Jones Act also established cabotage laws requiring all maritime cargo between U.S. ports (including Puerto Rico) to be transported by American merchant ships.

• The position of Resident Commissioner was maintained post-reform; future discussions will address how these changes influenced political dynamics during the Great Depression.