Los periodistas no son políticos | José Manuel González Rubines

Introduction to the Podcast and Guest

Overview of the Conversation

• The host introduces José Manuel González Rubíes as a guest for the podcast "Pensar Cuba," emphasizing that his presentation will unfold during their conversation.

• The tone is set for a relaxed discussion, with an acknowledgment of the informal nature of their dialogue.

José Manuel's Background in Journalism

Early Career and Education

• José Manuel shares that he graduated from the University of Havana in 2018 and immediately began teaching there, which he found to be a valuable experience despite its challenges.

• He reflects on the difficulties faced by new educators, particularly when managing a classroom full of critical students.

Professional Journey

• After graduation, he worked briefly with Juventud Rebelde but left due to dissatisfaction with editorial changes affecting his work. He emphasizes his desire for creative freedom in journalism.

• His early collaboration with Palabra Nueva marked him as one of the first independent student journalists at the university, showcasing his commitment to independent media from an early stage.

Founding Cuba por Cuba

Transition from Joven Cuba

• José Manuel discusses his role at La Joven Cuba as a columnist and member of its editorial board until it shifted direction, prompting him and others to establish Cuba por Cuba.

• The founding team recognized an opportunity to fill a void left by La Joven Cuba’s change in focus, leading them to create their own platform aimed at discussing Cuban issues more freely.

Mission and Vision

• The name "Cuba por Cuba" was suggested by Jorge Fernández Era during discussions about their mission: fostering national discourse focused on improving conditions within Cuba itself.

• They aim to engage both local and expatriate perspectives on Cuban issues while acknowledging the complexities involved in thinking critically about current conditions amidst significant challenges like power outages and health crises.

The Role of Media in Cuban Discourse

Distinction from Other Media Outlets

• José Manuel clarifies that while they do not compete directly with other news outlets like Toki or Cbera, they focus instead on thoughtful analysis rather than just reporting news events. This approach allows them to explore deeper themes affecting Cuban society without duplicating existing journalistic efforts.

• He notes that even though some topics may seem exhausted or unresponsive from government entities, ongoing critique remains essential for potential future engagement or change within governance structures in Cuba.

Discussion on Political Awareness and Media in Cuba

The Importance of Continuous Efforts

• Despite challenges, there is a belief in the necessity to continue efforts towards political awareness and informing the public. This ongoing exercise has contributed to the current level of consciousness among the people in Cuba.

Education's Role in Shaping Perspectives

• The speaker reflects on decades of education that have shaped perceptions about communism, suggesting that it has influenced citizens' sense of identity and civic responsibility. This shift has become more evident since 2020.

Support for Independent Media Initiatives

• A call for financial support for independent media projects like "Pensar Cuba" highlights the need for resources to sustain these initiatives, which are crucial for advancing political discourse.

Challenges Faced by Journalism Graduates

• There is a significant influx of journalism graduates into independent media, which poses risks due to their previous training within a politically charged environment. This raises questions about whether their education fosters critical thinking or merely aligns with political agendas.

The Complexity of Career Choices

• The discussion touches on whether journalism studies adequately prepare students for critical thought or if they simply lead them toward predetermined career paths within state-controlled media systems. Many graduates face difficult choices regarding their professional futures amidst systemic limitations.

The Intersection of Politics and Journalism

Trust Issues with Traditional Media

• There is a growing sentiment that traditional media outlets have become less trustworthy, leading many individuals to seek alternative sources of information as they navigate their professional lives post-graduation.

Political Nature of Journalism Studies

• The conversation emphasizes that journalism inherently involves politics; even sports journalism can be seen through a political lens in Cuba's context, indicating an unavoidable intertwining between personal interests and broader societal issues.

Student Profiles and Motivations

• A mix of student motivations exists within journalism programs—some are genuinely interested while others lack passion but still pursue degrees due to external pressures or expectations from society or family members. This diversity complicates the educational landscape further.

Personal Experiences and Broader Implications

Influence of University Environment

• Attending university plays a pivotal role in shaping students' political views as they engage with diverse ideas beyond classroom settings, fostering critical thinking during formative years when they begin developing their identities as professionals and citizens alike.

Disillusionment with State Media

• Many journalists express discontent with working conditions at state-run publications like Granma, questioning how one can find fulfillment in such environments given the constraints imposed by government narratives and propaganda strategies that often conflict with journalistic integrity.

Economic Realities Impacting Choices

• Economic factors heavily influence career decisions; journalists must balance personal aspirations against financial realities while navigating an increasingly hostile job market where being labeled as "an employee" carries negative connotations under current regime propaganda narratives.

Discussion on Independent Journalism and Its Challenges

The Nature of Independent Journalism

• The speaker emphasizes the dual nature of journalism, highlighting both its formative aspects and professional challenges. They note that while good journalism exists in some media outlets, financial compensation often falls short.

• There is a contrast drawn between independent media salaries and those of global counterparts, suggesting that claims of wealth among independent journalists are exaggerated.

• The speaker discusses the lack of safety nets for journalists, indicating that signing onto a media outlet can lead to increased scrutiny and repression from authorities.

Repression vs. Desire for Freedom

• Acknowledging the imperfections of totalitarian regimes, the speaker argues that the innate human desire for freedom persists despite repression.

• They suggest that societal structures inherently contain elements leading to their own downfall, as they cannot fully suppress concepts like freedom or justice.

Importance of Justice

• The discussion touches on various forms of freedom and justice, emphasizing their significance in human life. The speaker recalls advice given by their father about the necessity of justice in one's existence.

Evaluating Independent Media

• A question is posed regarding how to assess independent media's achievements and shortcomings. The need for self-reflection within this ecosystem is highlighted as crucial for improvement.

• The speaker identifies the primary virtue of Cuban independent media as its mere existence and sustainability amidst adversity, which deserves further study due to its remarkable nature.

Quality of Journalism

• Despite challenges, there has been commendable journalism produced by independent outlets that accurately reflects both current realities and aspirations for Cuba's future.

• Good journalism is characterized by its ability to critique power structures effectively. This quality aligns with journalistic practices globally, reinforcing accountability across different contexts.

Critical Reflection on Power Dynamics

The Challenge of Critical Reflection

• The speaker emphasizes the difficulty in critically reflecting on the opposing side of power, suggesting that a lack of such reflection has been a significant oversight.

• There is an internal conflict regarding whether criticism might inadvertently benefit the regime, leading to hesitation in voicing dissenting opinions.

Accountability and Scrutiny

• Individuals aspiring for political roles in a future democratic Cuba must understand they will be subject to scrutiny; past suffering does not grant immunity from criticism.

• The importance of accountability is highlighted, stressing that respect and valid ideas do not exempt anyone from being examined by the press in a democracy.

Historical Context and Media Challenges

• The speaker reflects on the historical moment, noting that while it may seem prolonged, it pales compared to totalitarian regimes globally.

• Acknowledges the struggles faced by media systems operating under oppressive conditions, which complicate their ability to engage with opposing viewpoints.

Evolving Citizenship and Propaganda

• There is recognition that many citizens are only beginning to conceptualize Cuba beyond its traditional cultural symbols due to years of effective propaganda.

• The discussion touches upon how this propaganda has shaped a specific type of citizenship that lacks critical thinking and pluralism.

Political Categorization and Identity

• The regime's treatment of journalists as political actors blurs lines between journalism and activism, creating an environment where all dissenters are viewed as enemies.

• This categorization leads to a homogenized perception among dissidents despite their diverse backgrounds and beliefs.

Historical Labels and Their Impact

• The speaker discusses how derogatory terms used by the regime have paradoxically become badges of honor for some individuals who embrace these identities.

• Personal anecdotes illustrate how familial ties influence perceptions of identity within political contexts, showcasing pride in labels like "gusano" (worm).

Contradictions in Revolutionary Identity

• There's an exploration into the term "contrarrevolucionario" (counter-revolutionary), highlighting its misuse against those who may not fit this label historically or philosophically.

The Complexity of Revolutionary Identity

Understanding Contrarrevolucionario

• The speaker expresses pride in identifying as "contrarrevolucionario," emphasizing the significance of this label within the context of revolution and history.

• This identity reflects a deep connection to cultural and historical circumstances, suggesting that such labels carry weight in personal and collective narratives.

Dual Turbulence: Global vs. Local

• The speaker describes two swirling currents affecting Cuba: one global and one unique to Cuban culture, indicating a sense of disorientation regarding their direction.

• There is an acknowledgment that emotional stability is elusive for Cubans, who struggle with unresolved issues amidst these turbulent currents.

Political Disillusionment

• The education system has led to a desensitization towards politics, resulting in extreme positions among Cubans today.

• A critique is made about the failures of both liberalism and socialism in Cuba, suggesting that neither model has provided viable solutions.

Urgency for Change

• Discussion shifts to urgent changes needed for a potential transition to democracy in Cuba, highlighting differing perceptions of what democracy entails.

• The speaker emphasizes the need for comprehensive change across all aspects of Cuban society, likening it to repairing a dilapidated building rather than just fixing superficial issues.

Pathways to Transition

• A desirable transition would involve dialogue between moderate elements within the regime and opposition groups, akin to Spain's transition.

• However, there are concerns about increasing radicalization within the opposition due to past suffering, complicating potential negotiations.

Challenges Ahead

• The speaker notes that political pragmatism must guide actions; however, there seems to be little willingness from those in power for meaningful engagement.

• Acknowledgment is made of entrenched interests benefiting from the current regime's power dynamics, making change difficult.

Violence vs. Peaceful Transition

• Emphasis on avoiding violent means for regime change; historical evidence suggests violence often leads away from democratic outcomes.

• The discussion concludes with recognition of everyday violence in Cuba's life and the necessity for creating feasible scenarios for peaceful transitions.

Transitioning Cuba: Key Steps and Challenges

Rebuilding International Relations

• The first step in a potential transition for Cuba is to rebuild its international relations, as the country is currently isolated.

• Historical examples show that autarky (self-sufficiency) is not sustainable; countries must engage with others to thrive.

• Integration into human rights systems and economic frameworks is essential for Cuba's future stability.

Managing Change Gradually

• Any transition must be orderly; dismantling existing structures should be done carefully to avoid chaos.

• Acknowledging the complexity of history, initial steps should focus on re-establishing international ties without compromising national dignity.

Addressing Governance and Well-being

• The government’s primary responsibility is the well-being of its citizens, rather than adhering strictly to ideological beliefs.

• The dire situation in Cuba highlights the need for pragmatic governance focused on alleviating hunger and suffering.

Understanding Political Identity

• There exists a confusion between political projects and state identity; people often conflate governments with ideologies or parties.

• Propaganda has historically manipulated national identity, labeling dissenters as traitors or apatridas (stateless).

Cultural Readiness for Democracy

• Concerns arise about whether Cuban society is prepared for democracy after years of oppression and dependency on charismatic leadership.

• The populace may still cling to unhealthy relationships with power, complicating the transition towards democratic governance.

Future Engagement with Governance

• There’s a pressing need for open dialogue with government officials, which has been lacking under current regimes.

• Citizens must advocate for accountability in governance, emphasizing that ineffective ministers should be removed from their positions.

Political Dynamics and Dictatorship in Cuba

The Perception of Government Stability

• The speaker discusses how people often fail to recognize the impact of political alternation, especially when faced with a stagnant government that seems omnipresent, likening it to a deity.

Fear of Change and Future Governance

• There is an expressed hope that citizens will develop a fear of permanent governance, emphasizing that governments should have limited terms (4 to 10 years), which would signify progress towards democracy.

Historical Context of Dictatorships

• The speaker reflects on humanity's resilience, arguing against the notion that Cubans are unprepared for change. They acknowledge the severity of various dictatorships but assert that Cuba's experience is not unique or the worst.

Recovery from Oppression

• Despite acknowledging severe oppression in other nations, the speaker believes Cuba can recover. They suggest removing extreme voices from opposition discussions could help unify efforts toward democratic ideals.

Living Conditions vs. Political Awareness

• Most Cubans desire stability and well-being over political engagement. The speaker notes that even under totalitarian regimes, if basic needs are met, people may prioritize their daily lives over political issues.

Historical Comparison: 1980s Cuba

• Reflecting on life in 1980s Cuba, the speaker points out that despite lacking democracy, many were content due to material stability. This suggests a complex relationship between governance and public satisfaction.

Acceptance of Non-Democratic Systems

• The discussion highlights how people can adapt to non-democratic systems if they provide some level of material comfort. However, this acceptance comes with risks regarding civic participation and rights.

Conclusion on Non-Democratic Regimes

• Ultimately, the speaker posits that while people might tolerate non-democratic regimes for stability, such systems are inherently unstable and destined for eventual change or collapse.

The Evolution of Non-Democratic Regimes

The Nature of Non-Democratic Governance

• The essence of non-democratic regimes contains the seed of their downfall; the certainty of governance leads to mistakes and complacency over time.

• Venezuela, rich in resources, experienced a period where high oil prices allowed for social spending under Chávez, creating an illusion of prosperity despite underlying issues.

• Historical parallels are drawn with Spain's dismantling of Francoism, suggesting that oppressive regimes ultimately hinder national progress.

• While some may argue that conditions were better under leaders like Fidel Castro or Franco, the cost of such governance is deemed too high compared to potential freedoms and improvements.

Reflections on Returning to Cuba

• A personal reflection reveals a belief that the ideal Cuba may never return; however, there is hope for future reconstruction despite current desolation.

• The speaker expresses a willingness to return immediately to Cuba, acknowledging the challenges but also recognizing opportunities for building something new from the ruins.

• There is uncertainty about how dire the situation in Cuba truly is due to lack of data but acknowledges it as a chance for positive change amidst despair.

• Emphasis on constructing not just any new system but one that contrasts sharply with past failures, aiming for goodness and improvement for all Cubans.

• Awareness exists regarding personal losses upon returning—family and friends gone—but there remains a commitment to face these realities head-on.