Entendendo Back-End para Iniciantes em Programação (Parte 2) | Série "Começando aos 40"

Introduction

In the introduction, Fabio Akita introduces the sixth episode of the series "Começando aos 40" and encourages viewers to watch previous videos. He expresses gratitude for the positive feedback on the series' format and hints at potential voice issues during the current video.

Understanding Software Development Basics

• Fabio discusses fundamental computing concepts covered in the previous episode, emphasizing the importance of understanding machine instructions, compilation, interpreters, binary linkage with dependencies, static and dynamic linking. These concepts serve as a foundation for what follows.

• Emphasizes that beginner programmers rarely create software entirely from scratch; they rely on libraries. Expands on dynamic libraries and delves into Java's orientation towards classes rather than pure object orientation.

• Traces the evolution of object-oriented programming from languages like C++ to Java, highlighting Java's class-oriented nature. Mentions Smalltalk as a pinnacle of object-oriented representation.

Evolution of Libraries and Components

This section explores libraries, components, and their significance in software development.

Library Dynamics

• Discusses dynamic libraries as reusable sets of functions for various tasks like image processing or date conversion.

• Differentiates between libraries and components; components encompass visual aspects like GUI elements alongside functional programming logic.

Impact of Graphical Interfaces

• Traces the importance of visual components with graphical interfaces' rise in systems like Macintosh, OS/2, and Windows 3.1.

• Notes how modeling components as classes and objects led to their integration with object-oriented concepts in early '90s software development.

Componentization Era

The discussion shifts towards componentization trends shaping software development practices.

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

• Introduces RAD concepts popularized by IDEs like PowerBuilder, Visual Basic, Delphi for efficient application development.

• Highlights Java's role in advancing componentization compared to Visual Basic era but still falling short of Smalltalk standards.

Commercialization Challenges

• Emphasizes component reuse to avoid rewriting software from scratch and facilitate commercial distribution.

• Reflects on historical challenges pre-internet era when distributing software relied on physical media due to limited online presence.

Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)

Explores Object Linking and Embedding technology revolutionizing component embedding within applications.

OLE Technology Advancements

• Details Microsoft's OLE technology enabling dynamic inclusion of complex visual components within applications without recompilation.

• Introduces OCX extensions facilitating standardized distribution across different languages and IDE environments.

Component Object Model (COM)

• Describes COM as a model enabling language interaction with components akin to Java Beans in Java ecosystem.

New Section

In this section, the speaker discusses the concept of interfaces in programming languages and their significance in software development.

Interfaces and Programming Languages

• Interfaces in programming define functions, arguments, data types, and expected results. Implementations behind these interfaces allow consumers to assume that functions will be implemented as described .

• In object-oriented languages, a class is an implementation of an interface. The speaker references IUnknown from the COM standard as an example .

Evolution of Software Development

This part delves into the evolution of software development tools and languages, highlighting Objective C from NextStep as a significant advancement.

Objective C and NextStep

• Objective C from NextStep is considered simpler, more elegant, and more object-oriented compared to languages like C++ or Java. It featured kits like Foundation Kit, surpassing MFC or VCL .

• The classes developed during the NextStep era are still used today in iOS and MacOS development. Notably, classes like "NSString" or "NSObject" carry the NS prefix from NextStep .

Revolutionary Ideas in Software Development

This segment explores groundbreaking ideas such as drag-and-drop components for program creation and notable developments on platforms like NextStep.

Innovations in Software Development

• Drag-and-drop components for creating programs directly on a graphical window were revolutionary concepts in the late 80s and early 90s .

• Tim Berners Lee's first web browser emerged on NextStep along with significant developments like Id Software's Doom game engine by John Carmack .

Challenges with Shared Databases

The discussion shifts towards challenges faced with shared databases in networked environments.

Shared Database Challenges

• Early desktop applications relied on simple database structures where data was stored locally alongside application binaries. These databases often utilized primitive formats like DBF derived from dBase or Clipper .

• Sharing databases across multiple machines posed challenges due to file locking mechanisms leading to frequent corruptions. Programs accessing shared files could cause chaos if simultaneous write operations occurred .

Transition to Client-Server Architecture

The transition from shared files to client-server architecture is explored within networked environments.

Evolution to Client-Server Model

• With advancements in networking technologies pre-internet era, distributed applications became feasible using technologies like Novell NetBios for file sharing over local networks .

Understanding the Evolution of Network Protocols

In this section, the evolution of network protocols from local networks to TCP/IP and its impact on client-server architecture is discussed.

Evolution from Local Networks to TCP/IP

• Explanation of how web browsers and servers function as clients and servers in a TCP environment.

• Transition from using local network protocols like IPX to TCP with the rise of the Internet's popularity.

• Introduction of Stored Procedures in databases like Oracle or SQL Server, shifting logic from client programs to servers for reduced complexity.

• Challenges of updating client programs across geographically separated branches before widespread internet connectivity.

• Proposal for an intermediary server between clients and database servers to separate business logic, reducing desktop program sizes and database server loads.

Development of Remote Procedure Calls

This section delves into the emergence of remote procedure calls (RPC), emphasizing interoperability, network protocols, and componentization.

Remote Procedure Calls

• Introduction to specifications like COM, DCOM, CORBA facilitating remote procedure calls (RPC).

• Comparison between compiling programs with dynamic libraries versus remote libraries necessitating interface declarations for function access.

• Role of COM+ or CORBA in specifying communication protocols like IIOP for exchanging messages between components.

J2EE: Java 2 Enterprise Edition

The discussion shifts towards J2EE's significance in consolidating three-tier application development with internet technologies.

J2EE Framework

• Introduction to J2EE as a specification amalgamating three-tier application development with TCP and HTTP protocols.

• Description of servlet encapsulation for HTTP operations within Model - View - Controller (MVC), including EJB and JMS functionalities for accessing remote services.

Rise of UML and Object-Oriented Methodologies

The narrative explores the emergence of UML alongside object-oriented methodologies for complex system design.

UML & Methodologies

• Collaboration among industry figures leading to Rational's Unified Modeling Language (UML), symbolizing object-oriented programming concepts.

New Section

This section discusses the evolution of software development tools and methodologies in the late 1990s, highlighting the emergence of UML, Gang of Four, J2EE, and object-oriented software engineering.

Evolution of Software Development Tools

• XML was used to represent UML files. Rational developed tools like Rose, ClearCase, and ClearQuest.

• The Gang of Four (Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides) authored the classic book "Design Patterns."

• The enterprise world began taking shape in the late 90s with J2EE and monumental object-oriented software engineering methodologies.

New Section

This part delves into the rapid evolution from single-machine programs to client-server solutions to three-tier architecture and distributed applications with the rise of the Internet. It also compares C# with Java in terms of evolution speed.

Rapid Evolution in Software Architecture

• Progressed from small programs on a single machine to client-server solutions in two layers and then to three-tier architecture for distributed applications.

• C# evolved faster than Java by adding more features beyond just mimicking Java's syntax.

New Section

This segment explores the shift towards new technologies like Python replacing Perl for scripting tasks on Linux systems. It also discusses advancements in componentization technologies such as COM+, ActiveX, and the decline of CORBA.

Transition to New Technologies

• Perl was popular for scripting tasks on Linux but gradually replaced by Python due to its cleaner syntax and modern features.

• PHP gained popularity for web applications due to its ease compared to Perl. It became part of LAMP stack along with Apache and MySQL.

New Section

Here, it is discussed how PHP gained traction despite its shortcomings in memory management and security bugs due to its alignment with emerging open-source technologies like Linux distributions.

Rise of PHP

• Despite PHP's interpreter issues like poor memory management and security bugs, it gained momentum during the internet bubble era.

• Larry Wall's philosophy influenced PHP's programming style initially seen as quick but dirty code development.

New Section

This part highlights how Agile practices emerged post-internet bubble crash in 2001 challenging traditional enterprise perceptions towards open source technologies like Ruby gaining attention among industry veterans.

Agile Practices Adoption

• Post-internet bubble crash led to slow adoption of Agile practices like Extreme Programming or Crystal by existing language markets dominated by companies like IBM, BEA, Oracle.

• Open-source technologies were initially viewed as amateur compared to enterprise ones until Ruby gained traction post-Ruby on Rails release in 2004.

New Section

The section discusses the challenges of changing direction in a large community, highlighting Groovy's niche in tools like Gradle and its sponsorship by PivotalLabs.

Groovy's Evolution

• Groovy faced difficulty changing direction due to its large community.

• PivotalLabs sponsored Groovy, transitioning from consulting to corporate products.

• Evolution from imperative languages like C to object-oriented programming with classes and objects.

• Object organization in imperative languages and the emergence of functional programming languages like Lisp and Scheme.

• Introduction of lambdas in Ruby influenced by Lisp, leading to metaprogramming and DSLs.

New Section

This section delves into the concept of functions, naming conventions, anonymous functions, and the impact of Ruby on web development.

Function Concepts

• Introduction of named functions and exploration of anonymous functions.

• Ruby's influence from Lisp introducing lambdas for web development.

• Shift towards metaprogramming and DSL creation for language customization.

New Section

The discussion focuses on the shift in programming perspective towards enjoyable coding experiences rather than just performance optimization.

Programming Perspective Shift

• Transition from performance-centric programming to prioritizing enjoyable coding experiences.

• Embracing functional features post-web era without sacrificing performance concerns.

New Section

This section discusses the significance of two signatories of the Agile Manifesto, Dave Thomas and Andy Hunt, in promoting Ruby adoption. It also introduces the concept of learning a new language annually and their exploration of Erlang in 2007.

Significance of Dave Thomas and Andy Hunt

• Dave Thomas and Andy Hunt, signatories of the Agile Manifesto, contributed to Ruby's credibility.

• They advocated for programmers to learn a new language yearly.

• In 2007, they shared their experiences with Erlang, highlighting its unique actor model architecture.

New Section

This segment delves into the distinctive features of Erlang compared to Java, emphasizing its actor model architecture and perpetual uptime focus.

Unique Features of Erlang

• Erlang organizes components as modules and actors instead of classes and objects.

• Designed for continuous operation without frequent restarts, crucial for industries like telecommunications.

• Emphasizes running a single Erlang process to manage all programs within it.

New Section

The discussion shifts towards Martin Odersky's introduction of Scala in 2009, blending lambda calculus concepts with Java functionalities.

Introduction of Scala by Martin Odersky

• Scala emerged from Odersky's research on lambda calculus and Java.

• Highlights the importance of type declaration in programming languages.

• Explains type inference as a balance between static typing and dynamic typing paradigms.

New Section

This part explores the growth trajectory and challenges faced by Scala due to bytecode compatibility issues across versions.

Growth and Challenges of Scala

• Scala gained popularity swiftly but encountered stagnation due to incompatible bytecode versions.

Desafios de Gerenciamento de Dependências em Desenvolvimento de Software

The speaker discusses challenges related to dependency management in software development, highlighting issues such as binary incompatibility between Scala versions and the preference for source code over pre-compiled binaries in languages like Go.

Binary Incompatibility and Recompilation

• Encounter LinkageError due to JVM. Binary incompatibility arises from compiling with different Scala versions, necessitating recompilation without reusing old binaries.

• Historically, developers had to manage dependencies themselves; tools like Borland and Microsoft bundled everything but led to "DLL Hell" conflicts.

Evolution of Dependency Management Tools

• Introduction of Maven in Java for centralized binary libraries repository and dependency declaration via XML files.

• Progression towards modern package managers: NPM for JavaScript, NuGet for .NET, CPAN for Perl, Composer for PHP, and Bundler for Ruby.

Evolução dos Gerenciadores de Pacotes em Diferentes Linguagens

The speaker elaborates on the evolution of package managers across various programming languages, emphasizing the importance of declaring dependencies, managing version upgrades effectively, and addressing security vulnerabilities.

Diverse Package Managers Landscape

• Mention of Gradle in Java as an alternative to Maven, CPAN's role in Perl ecosystem, and PHP's transition to Composer for dependency management.

• Python's shift towards PIP from setuptools and easy_install chaos; emergence of NPM and Yarn rivalry in JavaScript ecosystem.

Importance of Version Control

• Highlighting Hex in Elixir, Cargo in Rust, dep controversy in Go; stressing the significance of careful version updates due to code breakage risks.

Desafios Específicos do Scala e Alternativas como SBT

The discussion focuses on Scala-specific challenges regarding binary compatibility issues and introduces SBT as a hybrid tool managing packages and executing tasks within the Scala environment.

Scala-Specific Challenges

The Evolution of Programming Languages

In this section, the speaker discusses the integration of programming languages with Git repositories like GitHub, emphasizing the importance of having access to source code for compilation. The evolution from dynamic linking to downloading dependencies as source code is highlighted, showcasing how languages like Go, Rust, and Elixir have optimized compilation processes.

Evolution of Compilation Processes

• Ruby on Rails integrates directly with Git repositories like GitHub for maintaining source code.

• Languages such as Elixir and Rust download dependencies as source code for local compilation instead of using binary libraries like Java Jars.

• Java historically used pre-compiled binaries (JARs) from Maven, while .NET managed binary compatibility better due to closed-source practices in the past.

Modern Compilation Practices

• Shift towards open-source led by platforms like GitHub and interpreted languages requiring accessible source code.

• Introduction of modern syntax and architectures by languages like Groovy and Scala, influencing Java's evolution.

Influence of Erlang on Modern Languages

This segment delves into Erlang's impact on modern programming languages through its unique features such as BEAM bytecode execution. The emergence of Reia and Elixir as attempts to enhance Erlang's syntax and capabilities is discussed, emphasizing their contributions to application development.

Impact of Erlang Features

• Erlang's Atores architecture influenced Scala and introduced new possibilities in software development.

• Reia aimed to modernize Erlang's syntax by mimicking Ruby's structure for BEAM bytecode execution.

Evolution with Elixir

• Elixir refined Erlang's capabilities by introducing a modern syntax and robust library ecosystem after years of development.

• Phoenix framework emerged from Ruby on Rails influence in web application development.

Diversification in Programming Paradigms

This part explores the diversification in programming paradigms driven by functional programming concepts. Haskell, OCAML, F#, among others gained prominence influencing language design including Java's evolution over time.

Functional Programming Influence

• Rise of functional paradigms inspired by lambda calculus impacted language design across various platforms.

Language Evolution

• Critique on Go as a language representing a step back due to limited type inference compared to contemporary languages like Swift or Rust.

Go Language and Software Development Evolution

In this segment, the speaker discusses the rising popularity of the Go language, comparing it to Docker in terms of significance. Additionally, there is a mention of upcoming episodes focusing on various programming languages like Elixir, Rust, JavaScript, and Python.

Go Language Significance

• The Go language is gaining immense popularity akin to Docker and is becoming too significant to ignore.

• Various articles highlighting the drawbacks of Go are referenced, indicating its competition with JavaScript in terms of criticisms.

• Despite criticisms, Go has introduced essential features that will be elaborated on in future episodes.

Apple's Influence on Software Development

This part delves into Apple's pivotal role in software development over the past two decades and its intersection with open-source initiatives. The discussion also touches upon backend development history and Java's evolution.

Apple's Impact

• Exploring Apple's significant contributions to software development in the last 20 years.

• Highlighting how Apple's influence intersects with crucial events in the open-source community.