AMR MOOC 4 - AMR Stewardship and Social movements

Name: AMR MOOC 4 - AMR Stewardship and Social movements
Uploaded: 2021-10-13T06:09:31.000Z
Duration: 3 h 40 min 43 s
Description: In the fourth MOOC of the Antibiotic Resistance module, Gameli Adzaho and Dr Beverly Egyir discuss how to implement stewardship of AMR in hospitals, re-highlight the problems presented by AMR and go into how social change can be mediated in small and stategic steps. https://app.jogl.io/space/amrafrica

Introduction and Background

In this section, the speaker introduces themselves and provides background information about their work at the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research in Ghana.

The speaker works with the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, specifically in the bacteriology department.

The institute is affiliated with the University of Ghana and focuses on medical research.

The speaker's talk is part of an online course on antimicrobial stewardship hosted by Joel Amamoo Africa.

Course Overview

This section provides an overview of the online course on antimicrobial stewardship and mentions upcoming topics and speakers.

The course consists of four modules: microbiology technology and AMR, identification of microbes, sensitivity testing, and antimicrobial stewardship.

Next week's topic will be the Microbus app, presented by Harry.

Practical sessions will be conducted by Linda and Harry.

The team involved in the course includes Linda Gamble, Joy, Harry, John, and Beverly.

Presentation Start

The speaker confirms that their screen is visible to participants and begins their presentation on antibiotic antimicrobial stewardship.

Speaker Introduction

The speaker introduces themselves as Beverly Ajiri from the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. They provide a brief overview of what will be covered in their talk.

Beverly Ajiri is a senior research fellow at the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research.

The talk will cover antibiotic antimicrobial stewardship, including its importance and basic elements of stewardship programs.

Antimicrobial Resistance Impact

This section discusses the impact of antimicrobial resistance on healthcare and the global population.

Antimicrobial resistance is a significant healthcare problem with potential economic costs.

The World Health Organization predicts that 10 million people will die by 2050 if no action is taken to address antimicrobial resistance.

Infection prevention control, antibiotic stewardship, capacity building, and surveillance are some actions that can mitigate the effects of antimicrobial resistance.

Antibiotics in Modern Medicine

This section highlights the importance of antibiotics in modern medicine and the consequences of microbial resistance.

Antibiotics have been crucial in treating various infections and preventing complications in surgeries and transplantations.

Microbial resistance to antibiotics leads to treatment failures, unsafe procedures, worse clinical outcomes, and increased mortality.

Overuse of antibiotics has contributed to the occurrence and spread of resistant bacteria.

Antibiotic Resistance in Ghana

This section focuses on antibiotic resistance in Ghana and highlights specific findings related to antibiotic residues and multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Antibiotic residues and multidrug-resistant E. coli have been detected in beef samples in Ghana.

Commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol are becoming ineffective due to high bacterial resistance rates.

Clinical sources have reported extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli strains that are resistant to multiple generations of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.

These notes provide a comprehensive summary of the transcript while incorporating timestamps for easy reference.

Antibiotic Resistance and Infections

This section discusses the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the importance of effective treatment options for severe bacterial infections.

Fifth Generation Cephalosporin and Carbapenem

A fifth generation cephalosporin called neuropenia meropenem is a new treatment option for ESBL-producing bacteria from surgical site infections.

Meropenem is a carbapenem, which is a last-line treatment option for severe bacterial infections.

Prevalence of Resistant Bacteria

Acenetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-positive), MRSA, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are common bacteria that show resistance to multiple antibiotics.

These resistant strains pose challenges in healthcare settings due to limited treatment options.

Antibiotic Use in Ghana

This section highlights the issue of self-medication and inappropriate antibiotic use in Ghana, as well as the lack of understanding among healthcare professionals regarding proper antibiotic prescribing practices.

Self-Medication and High Antibiotic Usage

Self-medication with antibiotics is prevalent in Ghana, especially during the pandemic.

More than 65% of patients in hospitals receive antibiotics without proper prescription or guidance.

Poor Understanding Among Healthcare Professionals

Clinicians in primary healthcare have a poor understanding of attitudes and practices related to antibiotic use.

Empirical prescription of antibiotics is common in hospitals, with low utilization of microbiological cultures for accurate diagnosis.

Challenges in Ghana's Healthcare System

This section discusses the challenges faced by Ghana's healthcare system regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) management.

Limited Microbiology Laboratories

There are very few clinical microbiology laboratories in Ghana capable of conducting cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Lack of access to these facilities hinders accurate diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Lack of Hospital-Specific Guidelines

Most hospitals in Ghana do not have hospital-specific guidelines for antimicrobial use.

This leads to inconsistent practices and inappropriate antibiotic prescribing.

Antibiotic Classification and Stewardship

This section explains the World Health Organization's classification of antibiotics based on resistance potential and emphasizes the importance of antimicrobial stewardship programs.

Antibiotic Classification

The World Health Organization classifies antibiotics into three categories: Access, Watch, and Reserve.

Access group includes antibiotics with lower resistance potential, while Watch group includes those with higher resistance potential.

Reserve group consists of last-line treatment options.

Importance of Antimicrobial Stewardship

Antimicrobial stewardship programs promote responsible use of antibiotics.

By focusing on appropriate antibiotic categories, healthcare facilities can use antibiotics judiciously.

Impact of COVID-19 on AMR

This section discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) levels and hospital-acquired infections.

Positive Aspects: Hand Hygiene and Global Collaboration

Increased hand hygiene practices during the pandemic can reduce infections.

Global efforts and collaborations aim to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on AMR.

Negative Aspects: Increased Antimicrobial Use and Hospital Admissions

Wide use of antimicrobials for presumptive bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients may contribute to increased AMR levels.

Increased hospital admissions due to COVID-19 can lead to more hospital-acquired infections, worsening the AMR situation.

Global Action Plan on AMR

This section introduces the World Health Assembly's global action plan on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and highlights Ghana's national action plan on AMR.

Objectives of the Global Action Plan

The global action plan on AMR has five strategic objectives:

Improve awareness and understanding of AMR.

Strengthen surveillance and research.

Reduce the incidence of infections.

Optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines.

Ensure sustainable investments in combating AMR.

Ghana's National Action Plan on AMR

Ghana launched its policy and action plan on antimicrobial resistance in alignment with the global action plan.

The national action plan focuses on optimizing the use of antimicrobial medicines through antimicrobial stewardship programs.

Antimicrobial Stewardship

This section delves into the concept of antimicrobial stewardship, emphasizing responsible use of antibiotics.

Definition of Antimicrobial Stewardship

Antimicrobial stewardship refers to a set of actions that promote responsible use of antibiotics.

It involves careful and responsible management to ensure effective treatment while minimizing resistance development.

Timestamps are provided for each section to help locate specific parts in the video transcript.

Appropriate Use of Antimicrobials and Rational Use of Antibiotics

This section discusses the importance of appropriate use of antimicrobials and rational use of antibiotics in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It emphasizes the need for evidence-based interventions and outlines key principles for rational antibiotic use.

Importance of Appropriate Use of Antimicrobials

AMR is increasing globally, and proper care of antimicrobial agents can buy us more time.

Implementing evidence-based interventions through antimicrobial stewardship programs is crucial.

Rational Use of Antibiotics

Rational use means using the right antibiotic for the right disease, bacteria, and patient condition.

Taking antibiotics at the right time, dose, and duration based on patient characteristics.

Considerations include age, weight, renal function, and other relevant factors.

Consequences of Incorrect Antibiotic Prescribing

Incorrect prescribing leads to poor patient outcomes such as adverse drug reactions, organ toxicity, superinfections, and antibiotic resistance.

It also results in high costs for patients due to complications management and prolonged hospital stays.

CDC Recommendations for Antibiotic Stewardship Programs

A multidisciplinary team should be responsible for antimicrobial stewardship programs.

The team should include a physician, clinical pharmacist, clinical microbiologist, information system specialist, infection preventionist or hospital epidemiologist,

quality assurance manager,

patient safety manager,

and hospital leadership.

Core Elements of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs

Hospital leadership commitment is essential for program success. They should dedicate human, financial,

and information technology resources to support the program's implementation.

Microbiology laboratory staff should engage in diagnostics worship by developing antibiograms and introducing new diagnostic tools.

Accountability is crucial, with appointed leaders responsible for the stewardship program's management and outcomes.

Taking Action for Improved Antibiotic Use

Interventions should be implemented based on prescribing pattern audits, susceptibility testing feedback, and antibiotic-resistant trends.

Regular review of antibiotic susceptibility testing in the laboratory is important to ensure adherence to international standards.

Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Elements

This section discusses the elements of an antimicrobial stewardship program and emphasizes the importance of tracking, reporting, and educating stakeholders.

Tracking Activities and Performance

It is crucial to track activities in stewardship programs to assess their effectiveness.

In-house information systems or electronic health record systems can be used to track antibiotic prescribing patterns, intervention impact, and prevalence of superbugs like ESBL-producing bacteria or MRSA.

Tracking allows for a clear understanding of the program's progress and helps identify areas for improvement.

Reporting Findings to Stakeholders

Reporting findings to relevant stakeholders such as prescribers, pharmacists, nurses, and hospital leadership is essential.

Sharing information ensures that all members involved in the stewardship program are on the same page.

Antibiotic susceptibility trends can be reported annually to update the institutional antibiogram.

Education and Knowledge Sharing

Education plays a vital role in antimicrobial stewardship programs.

Promoting communication between laboratory staff and clinicians is important for test performance expectations, specimen collection methods, and interpreting susceptibility testing results.

Clinicians should be educated about resistance trends and how to contact the lab for questions or concerns.

Benefits of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs

This section highlights the benefits of implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs.

Optimization of antibiotic use leads to better patient outcomes.

Reduction in infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bugs like ESBL producers, MRSA, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), Acinetobacter baumannii, etc.

Decreased hospital stays result in reduced hospital-acquired infections and healthcare costs.

Patients receive optimal therapy while minimizing unnecessary antibiotic pressure.

Challenges in Setting Up Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs

This section discusses the challenges faced when establishing antimicrobial stewardship programs.

Time constraints and lack of commitment from relevant stakeholders can hinder program implementation.

Lack of departmental coordination and collaboration can impede progress.

Minimal support from hospital leadership may make it difficult to implement these programs effectively.

Poor enforcement of regulations can also pose challenges.

The transcript is already in English, so there is no need to translate.

Challenges in Implementing Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs

The speaker discusses the challenges faced in implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs, including lack of engagement between clinicians and labs, financial constraints for patients, competition among doctors, and a lack of responsibility in championing the programs.

Lack of Engagement Between Clinicians and Labs

Some clinicians prefer to focus on empirical treatment without utilizing antibiograms.

Lack of communication and collaboration between clinicians and labs leads to a failure to test samples.

Financial Constraints for Patients

Patients in low-income countries often cannot afford expensive tests, leading to a lack of testing.

Clinicians are unable to request necessary tests due to financial limitations.

Competition Among Doctors

In many hospitals, there is a disconnect between major stakeholders such as clinicians and laboratory staff.

Competition among doctors can hinder the implementation of stewardship programs.

Lack of Responsibility in Championing Programs

Sometimes there is no one taking up the responsibility of championing antimicrobial stewardship programs.

This lack of leadership makes program implementation difficult.

Strategies for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs

The speaker highlights some general strategies for antimicrobial stewardship programs. These include reducing the prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics, treating according to guidelines based on local settings, generating data for informed decision-making, raising awareness about AMR (Antimicrobial Resistance), and emphasizing collaborative efforts.

Reduce Prescription of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics

Overuse of third-generation cephalosporins, quinolones, carbapenems, and beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations leads to the emergence of resistant bugs.

High use of fluoroquinolones is associated with resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Third-generation cephalosporins contribute to the prevalence of ESBL (Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) producing bacteria.

Treat According to Guidelines

Treatment should be based on national or local guidelines that consider common infections, causative agents, and resistance patterns.

Generate Data for Informed Decision-Making

Data is crucial for surveillance activities and treatment decisions.

Hospitals should invest in data generation tools to inform the optimal use of antimicrobials.

Raise Awareness about AMR

Increasing awareness about Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is essential to protect existing antibiotics.

Public education can help reduce the indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Emphasize Collaborative Efforts

Antimicrobial stewardship programs require collaboration among various stakeholders.

Optimization of antimicrobial use is a collective responsibility.

Importance of Data in Antimicrobial Stewardship

The speaker emphasizes the importance of data in antimicrobial stewardship. Without data, it is challenging to focus efforts and make informed decisions. Hospital leadership should invest in data generation tools to optimize antimicrobial use and protect critically important antimicrobials.

Importance of Data Generation

Gathering evidence through data helps identify the extent of antimicrobial loss worldwide.

Data informs treatment decisions, surveillance activities, and the proper use of antimicrobials.

Investment in Data Generation Tools

Hospital leadership should prioritize investing in systems or technologies that generate necessary data.

Access to accurate data enables effective decision-making regarding antimicrobial agents.

Misuse of Antibiotics

The speaker highlights the misuse of antibiotics during the COVID era. Many people mistakenly believe that antibiotics are effective against viruses, leading to their indiscriminate use. It is crucial to raise awareness about appropriate antibiotic usage and avoid unnecessary prescriptions for viral infections like colds.

Misconceptions About Antibiotics

Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections.

Indiscriminate use of antibiotics fuels the emergence of resistant bacteria.

Raising Awareness

Public awareness campaigns are essential to educate people about appropriate antibiotic usage.

Protecting existing antibiotics requires collective efforts and understanding.

Collaborative Efforts in Antimicrobial Stewardship

The speaker emphasizes that antimicrobial stewardship programs require ongoing collaborative efforts. It is crucial to optimize the use of antimicrobials and protect their effectiveness for future generations.

Ongoing Collaborative Efforts

Antimicrobial stewardship programs involve collaboration among multiple stakeholders.

Collaboration ensures the optimal use of antimicrobials and supports long-term effectiveness.

The transcript provided does not have a timestamp for every section. I have summarized the available sections based on the given timestamps.

New Section

The speaker invites questions from the audience and expresses willingness to answer them.

Taking Questions

The speaker welcomes questions from the audience.

There are several questions in the chat and Q&A section.

A question is asked about featuring the "one health" approach in antibiotic stewardship programs.

The speaker acknowledges that their presentation focused more on the hospital environment but emphasizes that antibiotic stewardship should be approached under the "one health" concept, considering both human and animal health sectors.

Another question is asked about nursing homes in America and their use of antibiotics. The speaker speculates that older residents may receive antibiotics for various infections to prevent fatal outcomes.

The speaker suggests that starting a stewardship program requires engaging hospital leadership, presenting evidence, and gaining support from clinicians, nurses, and other stakeholders. Financial resources may also need to be allocated for testing and other requirements.

New Section

A question is asked about joining antibiotic stewardship programs.

Joining Stewardship Programs

An attendee asks if there is a way to join antibiotic stewardship programs.

The speaker explains that individuals can start a program by organizing a diverse group of people but emphasizes the importance of engaging hospital leadership for support. Presenting evidence of antimicrobial sustainability trends can help convince them to invest resources into the program.

Moving Forward and Grants Funding Round

In this section, the speaker discusses the importance of moving forward and believing that anything is possible. They also mention a grants funding round where people who have been part of the module and the local community can apply for a small microgrant.

Importance of Moving Forward

It is important to believe that anything is possible and to follow through with actions to get things done.

The speaker emphasizes the need for resources and funding to start programs effectively.

Grants Funding Round

A grants funding round will be conducted, inviting individuals who have been part of the module and anyone they may know, as well as members of the local community.

The microgrant amount is 1,000 euros, which may be used for preliminary work or convincing supervisors or the community about an AMR problem.

The grant could potentially support initiatives like stewardship programming.

Consulting Hospital Leadership for AMS Program Setup

In this section, a question is raised about whether it is necessary to consult hospital leadership or AMS leadership before setting up an AMS program or environmental health program. The speaker provides insights on collaboration and involving relevant stakeholders.

Collaborative Effort in AMS Program

Setting up an AMS program requires collaboration and being part of a team within the hospital.

While focusing on environmental aspects, it's important to engage with other team members involved in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs such as clinicians and nurses.

An environmental person in the team can contribute by taking samples from the hospital environment to test for resistant bacteria.

Importance of Involving Relevant Stakeholders

Sharing findings with hospital leadership is crucial as they can provide support in championing antimicrobial stewardship programs.

Engaging all relevant stakeholders helps ensure a holistic approach towards addressing AMR problems.

Generating evidence within the setup is important to gain support and involvement from others.

Contextual Analysis and One Health Approach

The speaker emphasizes the importance of critical analysis and considering the context when discussing antimicrobial stewardship programs. They highlight the interconnectedness between hospital programs, community impact, and one health approach.

Considering Interactions in Hospital Programs

Antimicrobial stewardship programs in hospitals have implications beyond just the hospital setting.

The disposal of waste from hospitals can impact the community and contribute to AMR.

Stewardship programs should consider all interactions between hospitals and communities.

Importance of One Health Approach

Hospitals are part of the larger community, so their actions can affect public health.

Engaging with stakeholders from different sectors, including environmental health and animal health, is crucial for a comprehensive approach.

Sharing information with clinicians, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals helps inform antibiotic choices and ensures patients receive appropriate treatment.

Introduction to Antimicrobial Stewardship

The speaker introduces the topic of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and highlights the need for critical analysis in understanding its various aspects.

Understanding AMS in Context

Antimicrobial stewardship involves analyzing various factors such as one health approach, environmental impact, and animal health.

Critical analysis is necessary to understand how AMS programs in hospitals can influence other areas like environment or animal health.

Due to limited content available after this timestamp, further sections cannot be created.

Dealing with Questions on Antimicrobial Use

The speaker discusses their background in biochemistry and social and behavior change communication. They propose applying these skills to address questions around antimicrobial use.

Background and Expertise

The speaker's background in biochemistry and research on antibiotics provides a foundation for addressing questions on antimicrobial use.

Their experience in implementing social and behavior change communication programs in public health contexts can be applied to the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Public Engagement and Analytical Tools

The speaker introduces the concept of public engagement in relation to AMR. They discuss the social ecological model as an analytical tool for understanding AMR, as well as the behavior change framework.

Public Engagement and AMR

Public engagement plays a crucial role in addressing AMR.

The social ecological model helps analyze the various factors influencing behavior related to AMR, such as family, friends, social networks, and community values.

Understanding the behavior change framework is essential for designing effective interventions.

Causes of Antimicrobial Resistance

The speaker explains that antimicrobial resistance arises from misuse of antibiotics, including poor prescription practices, incomplete antibiotic courses by patients, and misuse of antibiotics in agriculture.

Misuse of Antibiotics

Misuse of antibiotics can occur due to poor prescription practices or patients not completing their prescribed antibiotic courses.

Antibiotics are sometimes misused in agriculture, where farmers administer them to animals without proper justification or dosage.

This misuse leads to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals' guts, which can spread to humans through various pathways.

Improper Disposal and Spread of AMR

Improper disposal of antibiotics and the spread of resistant organisms in the environment contribute to the spread of AMR. The speaker mentions a research study on exposure to microbes in fresh water.

Improper Disposal and Environmental Spread

Improper disposal of antibiotics can lead to resistant organisms entering soil and water bodies.

People can be exposed to these resistant organisms, contributing to the spread of AMR.

A research study highlighted the potential spread of antibiotics through bathing in fresh water, emphasizing the importance of proper antibiotic disposal.

Public Understanding and Behavior Change

The speaker discusses the lack of public awareness about AMR and how behavior change communication can improve understanding and promote interventions at individual, institutional, and community levels.

Public Understanding and Behavior Change Communication

Insufficient public knowledge about AMR contributes to its prevalence.

Behavior change communication can enhance public understanding and facilitate interventions.

It is crucial to use a systematic and evidence-based approach rather than relying on approaches that may sound good but lack effectiveness.

Social Ecological Model for Behavior Analysis

The speaker introduces the social ecological model as a framework for analyzing behavior. They explain how individuals' behavior is influenced by their surroundings, including family, friends, social networks, and institutions like hospitals.

Social Ecological Model

The social ecological model recognizes that behavior is influenced not only by individuals but also by their surrounding environments.

Factors such as family, friends, social networks, community values, and institutional setups impact an individual's ability to engage in certain behaviors.

For example, hospital settings can either facilitate or hinder appropriate antibiotic prescription practices based on their testing protocols.

Dosage and Length of Antibiotic Treatment

The speaker mentions the importance of proper dosage and length of antibiotic treatment, as discussed by Dr. Beverly.

Dosage and Length of Treatment

Proper dosage and adherence to the recommended length of antibiotic treatment are crucial for effective management of infections.

Inappropriate prescription practices can lead to underdosing or overdosing, impacting the development of AMR.

Timestamps have been associated with relevant bullet points in accordance with the provided transcript.

The Role of Community in Addressing AMR

In this section, the speaker discusses the role of the community in addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). They highlight how certain practices, such as putting antibiotics in palm oil for consumption, can contribute to AMR. Additionally, they mention that cultural practices and community-level hygiene protocols can both contribute to and reduce AMR.

Importance of Considering Community Factors in SBCC Campaigns

The speaker emphasizes the importance of considering various factors when planning a Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC) campaign.

It is crucial to understand the behavior influencers at personal, family, organizational, and community levels to effectively frame the campaign response.

Relationship between Human Beings, Animals, and Environment

The diagram presented illustrates the relationship between human beings, animals, and the larger environment.

It highlights the interactions within a community's ecosystem and emphasizes different social systems.

Actions from the social system can impact the ecosystem while products and services from the ecosystem influence the social system.

Complex Adaptive Systems

The speaker introduces complex adaptive systems as models that represent interactions between different elements in biological ecosystems or social ecological systems.

These models help understand various problem sets by analyzing interactions among different entities.

Behavior Change Framework

This section focuses on a behavior change framework consisting of capability, opportunity, and motivation. Capability includes physical and psychological aspects. Opportunity considers resources available for behavior change. Motivation encompasses automatic and reflective elements.

Elements Affecting Behavior Change

Capability: Physical capability refers to one's ability to perform a behavior while psychological capability relates to being in a suitable mindset for it.

Opportunity: It involves having necessary resources for behavior change (e.g., availability of sanitizers) along with social acceptance of the behavior.

Motivation: Automatic motivation refers to internalized behaviors, while reflective motivation involves considering acceptability over time.

Understanding Sources of Behavior

Understanding the sources of behavior is crucial for promoting positive behavior change in a specific context or community.

Factors driving the possibility of changing behavior should be identified, as capability and motivation may vary among individuals.

Conclusion

The speaker concludes by highlighting the importance of understanding the sources of behavior and considering various factors when planning SBCC campaigns. They emphasize that knowledge alone may not be sufficient for behavior change and stress the significance of capability, opportunity, and motivation in influencing behaviors.

Timestamps are provided based on the transcript.

Intervention Functions for Behavior Change

In this section, the speaker discusses intervention functions for behavior change and how they can be used to cause behavior change.

Intervention Functions

Intervention functions are actions that can be taken in a behavior change program to cause behavior change.

These functions should map the source of behavior. For example, if someone lacks the capability to perform a certain behavior, modeling can be used to show them how to do it.

If lack of awareness is the problem, education programs can be used to teach individuals.

Actions are also grouped into policy and advocacy categories, which can influence behavior change at societal or strategic levels.

Stages of Behavior Change

The speaker explains the stages of behavior change and why understanding these stages is important for an SBCC campaign.

Stages of Behavior Change

Behavior change does not happen overnight; there are different stages involved.

The stages include contemplation, pre-contemplation, awareness, preparation, action, maintenance, and advocacy.

Understanding where individuals are on their journey of behavior change is crucial for designing effective SBCC campaigns.

Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC)

This section introduces SBCC and its importance in inspiring positive behavior change through strategic communication.

What is SBCC?

SBCC stands for Social and Behavior Change Communication.

It is a strategic use of communication to inspire positive behavior change.

Individuals' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs influence their behaviors or practices.

SBCC aims to positively influence these attributes to bring about behavioral changes.

It is widely used in public health campaigns such as promoting insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria prevention or encouraging contraceptive use among sexually active individuals.

Advocacy vs. SBCC

The speaker explains the difference between advocacy and SBCC and how they can complement each other.

Advocacy vs. SBCC

Advocacy covers elements from the individual to community level, as well as policy-level engagement.

SBCC focuses on engaging individuals, communities, or groups to bring about behavior change.

Advocacy is one of the tools used in SBCC but is not the same as SBCC.

Objectives and Analysis in SBCC

This section emphasizes the importance of analyzing objectives in SBCC campaigns and provides an example objective related to antibiotic use reduction among farmers.

Objectives and Analysis in SBCC

It is crucial to analyze what needs to be done and understand it before designing an effective SBCC campaign.

Clear objectives should be set, such as encouraging farmers to reduce antibiotic misuse on their farms.

Objectives help guide the focus of the campaign and measure its success.

The transcript provided does not include timestamps for all sections.

Understanding the Audience and Strategic Approaches

In this section, the speaker discusses the importance of setting clear objectives and understanding the audience in social and behavior change communication (SBCC) campaigns. They also mention the need to choose a strategic approach and consider the medium of engagement based on the target audience.

Setting Clear Objectives and Understanding the Audience

It is important to set clear objectives in SBCC campaigns.

Understanding the audience is crucial for effective communication.

The speaker emphasizes the need to identify who your audience is in an SBCC campaign, such as young people, farmers, or health workers.

Choosing a Strategic Approach

Advocacy can be one of the strategic approaches in an SBCC campaign.

Other approaches include public discussions, one-on-one talks, or organizing debates.

Considering the Medium of Engagement

The medium of engagement depends on the target audience.

To reach students or young people, schools can be a suitable platform.

To reach farmers in a specific community, working through farmers' groups or local associations can be effective.

If targeting farmers across a district or region, radio or TV may be necessary.

Developing Key Messages and Central Theme

This section focuses on developing key messages for different audience segments in an SBCC campaign. It also highlights the importance of choosing a central theme that is catchy and memorable.

Developing Key Messages for Different Audience Segments

Key messages should be developed for various audience segments in an SBCC campaign.

Different messages may be required based on different segments within a community.

Choosing a Central Theme

A central theme is essential for framing an SBCC campaign effectively.

Themes are catchy and help individuals remember key messages.

Creating an Action Plan and Measuring Performance

This section discusses the importance of creating an action plan for implementing an SBCC campaign and measuring its performance.

Creating an Action Plan

It is crucial to create a clear action plan for implementing an SBCC campaign.

Without proper planning, confusion may arise during implementation.

Measuring Performance

Measuring performance is essential in evaluating the effectiveness of an SBCC campaign.

Various methods can be used, such as surveys, conversations with people, or direct observation of behavior.

Theory of Change and Operational Tools

In this section, the speaker introduces the theory of change as a valuable tool for any project implementation. They also mention two operational tools that are helpful in SBCC campaigns.

Theory of Change

The theory of change is important for project implementation beyond SBCC.

It involves identifying the desired impact, outcomes, activities, resources, and alignment with objectives.

Operational Tools

Two operational tools mentioned are useful in SBCC campaigns.

These tools are not specified further in the transcript.

Sharing AMR Practices with Medical Associations

The speaker discusses different approaches to sharing information about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) practices with medical associations and doctors.

Approaches for Sharing AMR Practices

Different approaches can be used to achieve the goals of the project.

Consider the context, available resources, and target audience when choosing activities.

Inputs such as resources, facilities, funding, and support from others should be taken into consideration.

Create an action plan by identifying what needs to be achieved and determining who, what, where, how, and when it will be carried out.

Developing an Action Plan

Convert objectives into activities under each objective.

For example, if the objective is to improve prescribing practices among doctors in a district:

Activity: Give talks to doctors in different hospitals in the district.

Determine steps needed for successful talks (team members responsible, available resources).

Set a timeline for achieving the activity.

Additional Tactics for Achieving Results

Engage the public through radio or TV talks or science cafes to raise awareness about the importance of being tested before taking antibiotics.

Write to medical associations or engage with them to adopt guidelines or establish monitoring and regulation frameworks.

Engaging Audiences and Stakeholders

The speaker emphasizes the importance of using engaging language and involving stakeholders in SBCC campaigns.

Language and Engagement

Use language that engages your audience when communicating about your campaign.

Consider audience goals and address their needs effectively.

Involving Stakeholders

Identify stakeholders within the community who need to be informed or consulted during the campaign.

Collaborate with team members responsible for performing activities related to stakeholder engagement.

Seek input from decision-makers such as association leaders or chiefs to gain their support and approval.

Example of an SBCC Campaign

The speaker provides an example of a successful SBCC campaign that won at the Falling Walls Festival.

The Falling Walls Engage competition showcases innovative campaigns.

No further details are provided in the transcript about the specific campaign.

The summary is based on the available transcript and may not include all details from the video.

No Sound

The speaker mentions that they are unable to hear anything.

Unable to Hear Anything

The speaker expresses their disappointment in not being able to hear anything.

They suggest that the viewers can watch the video at another time when the sound is available.

Introduction and Video Sharing

The speaker discusses sharing a video and mentions the need to share sound before playing it.

Sharing a Video

The speaker introduces the idea of playing parts of a video.

They mention the need to share sound before playing the video.

Goal of Engaging Children

The speaker explains their goal of engaging children in order to address issues related to taking medicines and antimicrobial resistance.

Engaging Children for Change

The speaker emphasizes the importance of engaging children as future leaders who can influence their friends and parents.

They mention that teaching children how to take medicines is not being implemented in schools, despite existing policies.

Their goal was to gather evidence through engagement, picture drawing, and storytelling to promote knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding antimicrobial resistance.

Methods Used for Engagement

The speaker describes how they engaged children through picture drawing and storytelling, which had not been tested for promoting knowledge about antimicrobial resistance before.

Effective Methods for Engagement

Picture drawing and storytelling were chosen as culturally appropriate methods for engagement.

Two schools were selected, one for implementing storytelling with 200 children and another for picture drawing with 175 children.

Teachers from both schools were involved in planning lessons on using stories and pictures to describe antimicrobial resistance.

Lessons included a book on using medicines and its consequences, which helped increase children's knowledge.

Cartoonists also engaged the children, and a competition was held to select top stories and pictures for creating an animation.

Animation Creation

The speaker explains how animations were created using ideas from the top stories and pictures selected in the competition.

Creating Animations

The top five stories and pictures were used to create an animation.

The animation aimed to convey the consequences of antimicrobial resistance.

Technical difficulties prevented playing the video during this part of the presentation.

Effectiveness of Picture Drawing vs. Storytelling

The speaker discusses the effectiveness of picture drawing and storytelling on children and parents' understanding of antimicrobial resistance.

Effectiveness Comparison

Picture drawing was more effective for children, while storytelling had better effects on parents' understanding.

Parents whose children participated in storytelling reported higher rates of their children discussing antimicrobial resistance with them compared to those involved in picture drawing.

Both methods showed potential for promoting knowledge and attitudes towards antimicrobial resistance.

Importance of Collaboration

The speaker emphasizes the importance of collaboration in addressing antimicrobial resistance as a complex problem.

Key Lessons Learned

Understanding local communities' knowledge, beliefs, practices, and attitudes is crucial when implementing social behavior change communication (SBCC).

Tailoring approaches based on audience preferences is essential; storytelling worked better for parents, while picture drawing was more engaging for children.

Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem that requires collaboration from various stakeholders.

Science helps in understanding its dynamics better through models like the social ecological model and adaptive systems.

Effective SBCC campaigns require both thorough planning and creative thinking, with collaboration being a key factor.

Conclusion

The speaker concludes by highlighting the complexity of antimicrobial resistance and the need for collective efforts to address it.

Final Thoughts

Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem that requires collective action.

Science provides insights into understanding and addressing the issue.

Effective SBCC campaigns should consider local contexts, tailor approaches, and foster collaboration among stakeholders.

Resources for Further Learning

The speaker suggests several resources for further learning on the topic of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and behavior change.

Recommended Resources

SBCC Implementation Kit - A resource that provides guidance on implementing social and behavior change communication (SBCC) interventions related to antibiotics.

Global Health e-Learning Course - An online course offered by Global Health e-Learning that focuses specifically on AMR.

Explore other sources to learn more about behavior change in different contexts.

Apology and Invitation for Questions

The speaker apologizes for taking longer than expected and invites the audience to ask any questions they may have.

Questions from the Audience

The speaker asks if there are any questions from the audience.

Actions Taken in Ghana Regarding AMR

The speaker discusses actions taken in Ghana regarding social and behavior change communication (SBCC) related to antibiotics and AMR.

Various initiatives have been undertaken in Ghana, such as public education campaigns led by the pharmaceutical society.

The speaker mentions their own research on multidrug-resistant bacteria found in raw meat. They conducted presentations at slaughterhouses, sharing their findings with workers in a simple language.

Emphasis was placed on hand hygiene practices and preventing infections not only related to COVID-19 but also resistant bacteria.

Feedback from slaughterhouse managers indicated that contaminated water used during meat processing could be a source of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

The speaker highlights the importance of implementing research findings and engaging with end-users to ensure their impact.

Examples of Activities in Ghana

The speaker provides examples of activities conducted in Ghana related to AMR.

Research was conducted on multidrug-resistant bacteria in raw meat, specifically focusing on Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Presentations were made at slaughterhouses to share findings with workers, emphasizing the importance of hand hygiene and preventing infections.

The issue of contaminated water used during meat processing was raised, and efforts were made to address this concern.

Ongoing studies are being conducted on surgical site infections, with plans to engage surgeons and raise awareness about antibiotic prescribing practices.

Importance of Engaging Stakeholders

The speaker emphasizes the importance of engaging stakeholders in addressing AMR.

It is not enough for research findings to remain confined within publications; they must be shared with end-users.

Engagement with laboratory staff revealed a disconnect between them and other stakeholders such as clinicians, pharmacists, and hospital leadership.

In one hospital, after engaging with hospital leadership, funds were dedicated to the laboratory for purchasing reagents and improving testing capabilities.

Sharing research findings with hospital staff helps create awareness and encourages appropriate antibiotic prescribing practices.

Importance of Engaging Laboratory Staff

The speaker discusses the significance of engaging laboratory staff in addressing AMR.

There is often a disconnect between laboratory staff and other healthcare professionals.

By getting hospital leadership involved, funds were allocated to support the laboratory's needs for routine testing.

Improved communication between laboratory staff and other stakeholders can lead to better implementation of research findings.

Timestamps may vary slightly depending on the source of the transcript.

The Importance of Cultural Change in Optimizing Antibiotic Use

The speaker discusses the significance of cultural change in optimizing antibiotic use for patient cases. This social behavioral change is impactful and allows for enhanced patient care, safety, and the optimization of antimicrobial use.

Exploring the Impact of Cultural Change

Realizing the importance of cultural change in optimizing antibiotic use for patients' cases.

Acknowledging how cultural change helps optimize antibiotic use and improve patient care.

Highlighting the impact of social behavioral change on enhancing patient care, safety, and antimicrobial optimization.

Proposal for World Antibiotic Awareness Week

Suggesting the idea of setting up a project during World Antibiotic Awareness Week to promote social behavioral change.

Emphasizing the need to raise awareness among people regarding antibiotic usage through this project.

Believing that such initiatives can significantly contribute to creating awareness, improving patient care, and optimizing antimicrobial practices.

Taking Action from Workshop Discussions

The speaker expresses interest in further discussing and implementing actions derived from the workshop. They aim to continue working together towards achieving their goals.

Continuing Collaboration

Expressing enthusiasm about carrying out actions resulting from the workshop discussions.

Desiring to maintain ongoing collaboration with other participants beyond the workshop.

Challenges and Future Plans

The speaker raises questions about challenges faced in implementing changes and expresses interest in coordinating efforts with Dr. Ajiri to address these challenges. They also discuss potential plans for AMR (Antimicrobial Resistance) awareness week.

Addressing Challenges and Coordinating Efforts

Expressing curiosity about challenges encountered while implementing changes.

Proposing coordination with Dr. Ajiri to address these challenges and find solutions.

Considering the possibility of aligning AMR awareness week activities with ongoing projects related to AMR.

Organizing a Seminar on African Systems

Discussing the idea of organizing a seminar, specifically focusing on African systems in relation to AMR.

Highlighting the relevance of this topic due to existing work in African AMR initiatives.

Concluding Remarks

The speaker concludes the discussion and invites any remaining questions from the audience.

Final Thoughts and Questions

Expressing gratitude for the ideas shared during the workshop.

Encouraging participants to ask any remaining questions or provide additional input.