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What Caused the War of 1812?
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What Caused the War of 1812?

The War of 1812: A Second War of Independence?

Background and Causes

  • The War of 1812 is often referred to as the second war of independence, marking a significant conflict between the United States and Great Britain.
  • Thomas Jefferson's presidency began with efforts to enhance the U.S. reputation globally and expand its territory, which initially seemed promising with Napoleon's agreement to sell land in North America.
  • Tensions escalated when Britain, having declared war on France, began seizing U.S. ships trading with French allies and forced American sailors into their Navy.
  • In response to British aggression, President Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act, severely limiting trade with Britain; however, this led to widespread outrage among U.S. merchants.
  • Following Jefferson's presidency, James Madison maintained a distrustful view towards Britain amidst rising tensions due to trade restrictions and Native American resistance led by Tecumseh.

Escalation Towards War

  • Many Indigenous peoples viewed Britain as an ally against U.S. expansionism; thus, the U.S. believed that defeating Britain in Canada would eliminate support for these groups.
  • Feeling cornered by external pressures from both British forces and Native Americans, Madison concluded that military action was necessary.
  • The conflict officially commenced when the United States invaded Canada in July 1812, marking the beginning of the War of 1812.
Video description

The War of 1812 was a major conflict between the United States and Great Britain for control of the Northern frontier. Often described as a second War of Independence, in reality it was caused – in large part – by the ineffective foreign policies of two U.S. Presidents. The American Battlefield Trust preserves America’s hallowed battlegrounds and educates the public about what happened there and why it matters. We permanently protect these battlefields for future generations as a lasting and tangible memorial to the brave soldiers who fought in the American Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Civil War.