MODELO ATÓMICO DE BOHR

How to Construct Atoms Based on the Bohr Model

Introduction to Niels Bohr and His Contributions

• The speaker introduces himself as Maestro Jonathan, explaining that he will demonstrate how to construct atoms based on the Bohr model.

• Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, significantly contributed to atomic theory and quantum mechanics. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his work on atomic structure and radiation.

Overview of the Bohr Atomic Model

• The Bohr model consists of four main components:

• Nucleus: Present in all chemical elements.

• Protons: Positively charged subatomic particles located within the nucleus.

• Energy Levels (or Orbits): Found outside the nucleus where electrons reside.

• Electrons: Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit around the nucleus.

Electron Capacity in Energy Levels

• Each energy level can hold a limited number of electrons:

• First level: Maximum of 2 electrons.

• Second level: Maximum of 8 electrons.

• Third level: Maximum of 18 electrons.

• Fourth level: Maximum of 32 electrons, with symmetrical representation continuing thereafter.

Drawing Atoms Using the Bohr Model

Hydrogen Atom Representation

• The first atom drawn is hydrogen:

• Draw a circle representing its nucleus.

• Since hydrogen has an atomic number of 1, only one proton is drawn inside the nucleus.

• One electron is placed in the first energy level.

Beryllium Atom Representation

• Next, beryllium is represented:

• A circle simulates its nucleus containing four protons (atomic number = 4).

• Two electrons are placed in the first energy level; two more are added to the second energy level since it can hold up to eight.

Oxygen Atom Representation

• The oxygen atom is then illustrated:

• Its nucleus contains eight protons (atomic number = 8).

• Two electrons fill the first energy level; six are added to complete its second energy level.

Aluminum Atom Representation

• Finally, aluminum is depicted:

• It has thirteen protons (atomic number = 13), which are drawn inside its nucleus.

• Thirteen electrons are also represented accordingly across available energy levels.

Atomic Models of Aluminum and Chlorine

Constructing the Atomic Model of Aluminum

• The first energy level can hold 2 electrons. To represent a total of 11 electrons, a second energy level is drawn.

• The second energy level accommodates only 8 electrons. After placing 2 in the first level, 10 electrons are represented (2 + 8).

• To depict the remaining 3 electrons, a third energy level is introduced since the second level is full.

• The atomic model for aluminum is completed with all 13 electrons accurately represented across three levels.

Constructing the Atomic Model of Chlorine

• Transitioning to chlorine, which has an atomic number of 17, begins with drawing its nucleus and representing its protons (17 total).

• Since chlorine has equal numbers of protons and electrons, another set of 17 electrons must be drawn.

• The first energy level again holds only 2 electrons; thus, a second energy level is needed for the remaining ones.

• In the second energy level, only up to 8 can fit. After placing these, there are still 7 more to represent in a third energy level.