LIVE EVENT Q&A: Dr. Andrew Huberman Question & Answer in Chicago, IL

Welcome to the Huberman Lab podcast

In this section, Andrew Huberman welcomes listeners to the Huberman Lab podcast and mentions a recent live event at The Chicago Theater.

The Brain Body Contract

• Andrew Huberman hosted a live event titled "The Brain Body Contract" at The Chicago Theater in Chicago, Illinois.

• The question and answer session from the live event is made available to everyone.

Eight Sleep Mattress Cover

• Eight Sleep is a company that makes smart mattress covers with cooling, heating, and sleep tracking features.

• Maintaining the correct temperature in your sleeping environment is crucial for a good night's sleep. Your body temperature needs to drop by 1 to 3 degrees to fall and stay deeply asleep, and it needs to increase by 1 to 3 degrees for you to wake up feeling refreshed. With Eight Sleep, you can program the temperature of your sleeping environment throughout the night. -

• Eight Sleep also tracks rapid eye movement (REM) and slow wave sleep, which are important for optimizing sleep quality. -

• Andrew Huberman has been using an Eight Sleep mattress cover for over two years and has experienced improved sleep quality with faster falling asleep, fewer awakenings during the night, and feeling more refreshed upon waking up. -

• Listeners can visit eightsleep.com/huberman to try Eight Sleep and save $150 off their pod three cover. Shipping is available to the USA, Canada, UK, select countries in the EU, and Australia.

AG1 Vitamin Mineral Probiotic Drink

• AG1 is an all-in-one vitamin mineral probiotic drink that Andrew Huberman has been taking since 2012. It provides foundational nutritional needs for optimal mental health, physical health, and performance. -

• Listeners can visit drinkAG1.com/huberman to try AG1 and claim a special offer of five free travel packs plus a year's supply of vitamin D3 K2.

Question and Answer Session

In this section, Andrew Huberman starts the question and answer session from the live event at The Chicago Theater.

Tips for Keeping the Brain Healthy in Old Age

• Andrew Huberman advises that all individuals, regardless of age, should focus on improving cardiovascular health and perfusion of bodily tissues to enhance brain functionality. Good cardiovascular health ensures proper fuel delivery to the brain through clean and clear capillaries, microcapillaries, and arteries. -

• Engaging in about 150 to 200 minutes per week of zone 2 cardio exercise (movement where you can just barely carry out a conversation) is beneficial for brain health. Additionally, load-bearing exercises can release hormones from bones that may influence neuronal health in areas like the hippocampus. Resistance training two or three times per week is also recommended for all individuals. -

• Fine control of extremities, such as grip strength and the ability to extend toes, is important for brain health. Strength training and cardiovascular training are key factors in preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. -

Conclusion

In this podcast episode, Andrew Huberman welcomes listeners to the Huberman Lab podcast and shares insights from a live event titled "The Brain Body Contract." He discusses the importance of temperature regulation for quality sleep using Eight Sleep mattress covers and highlights the benefits of AG1 vitamin mineral probiotic drink for overall health. During the question and answer session, he provides tips for keeping the brain healthy in old age, emphasizing cardiovascular exercise, load-bearing exercises, resistance training, and fine motor control.

How Nicotine Affects the Brain and Optimizing Sleep

In this section, the speaker discusses the effects of nicotine on the brain and provides tips for optimizing sleep, particularly for shift workers.

Effects of Nicotine on the Brain

• Nicotine is said to be protective against Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.

• Decreases in neuromodulation, dopamine, and acetylcholine are correlated with cognitive decline.

• While nicotine may have potential benefits for brain health, it is not encouraged due to its negative effects on blood pressure and vasoconstriction.

Optimizing Sleep for Shift Workers

• Shift work is generally considered detrimental to health as humans are naturally diurnal.

• Maintaining a consistent sleep-wake schedule for at least two weeks is important.

• Light exposure plays a crucial role in waking up the nervous system. Bright artificial light or natural sunlight can help suppress melatonin and increase alertness.

• The decision to catch up on sleep or stay awake during off-shift periods depends on whether it is a regular pattern or an acute situation. Regular shift workers should prioritize getting sufficient sleep.

Understanding Hypnosis Therapy

This section explores hypnosis therapy, its applications, and how it works.

What is Hypnosis Therapy?

• Hypnosis therapy involves self-directed hypnosis rather than stage hypnotism seen in entertainment settings.

• It is a state where focus becomes narrow while relaxation deepens.

• Clinical applications of hypnosis have been approved by psychiatric associations.

How Does Hypnosis Work?

• Neuroplasticity involves intense focus followed by deep rest. Hypnosis induces a unique state where focus narrows but relaxation increases.

• The Spiegel eye roll test helps determine an individual's hypnotizability.

• Hypnosis is a valuable tool in clinical and wellness applications, but the term itself may hinder its advancement as it is often misunderstood.

Announcement: Revamped Website

The speaker announces the revamp of their website, making it more user-friendly and searchable.

Revamped Website

• The speaker's website, hubermanlab.com, has been completely revamped.

• It is now highly searchable and allows users to navigate with precision.

• Users can find specific timestamps related to topics of interest, such as ADHD or Adderall.

The remaining part of the transcript was not included in the provided text.

Hypnosis and Psychedelics

In this section, the speaker discusses the connection between hypnosis and brain states, as well as the potential use of psychedelics in medicine.

Hypnosis and Brain States

• Maintaining upward gaze while closing eyelids indicates high hypnotizability. This reflects a brain state where one is both awake and relaxed.

• Looking into the eyes can provide insights into what might be happening within the brain. For example, dilated pupils in response to a head injury may indicate severed connections between brain hemispheres.

• Hypnosis involves being in an elevated state of attention while being deeply relaxed, which promotes neuroplasticity. Highly hypnotizable individuals have shown success rates in smoking cessation and pain relief.

• The speaker suggests renaming hypnosis to increase its acceptance and usage. The name given to a technique or practice greatly impacts its adoption by people.

Psychedelics as Medicine

• Rewiring the brain involves shifts in neuromodulators such as dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used to treat depression by increasing serotonin levels and promoting neuroplasticity.

• Psychedelics encompass a broad category of drugs that can induce altered states of consciousness. Classic psychedelics include LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) and psilocybin (found in mushrooms). These substances have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects.

• The speaker mentions the importance of considering the risks and benefits of using psychedelics as medicine, particularly in relation to mental health conditions.

Rewiring the Brain

This section explores the concept of rewiring the brain and how it can be achieved through various methods.

Neuromodulators and Rewiring

• Rewiring the brain involves shifts in neuromodulators such as dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine. These chemicals play a crucial role in shaping brain function and plasticity.

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used to treat depression by increasing serotonin levels and promoting neuroplasticity. However, there is debate about whether SSRIs work due to serotonin deficiency or increased neuroplasticity.

Methods for Rewiring the Brain

• Hypnosis can induce a brain state characterized by heightened attention and deep relaxation, leading to increased neuroplasticity. Highly hypnotizable individuals have shown success rates in smoking cessation and pain relief.

• Psychedelics, such as LSD and psilocybin, have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects on mental health conditions. These substances can induce altered states of consciousness that may promote neuroplasticity. However, careful consideration must be given to their risks and benefits.

New Section

In this section, the speaker discusses the role of serotonin and neuroplasticity in relation to psychedelics.

The Mechanistic Language of Serotonin

• Using mechanistic language, the speaker explains how enhancing the transmission and activation of serotonin receptors can lead to increased neuroplasticity.

• The speaker emphasizes that the critical question is whether the experience under the influence of psychedelics is crucial for clinical outcomes or if it is solely due to serotonin itself.

New Section

This section explores personal experiences with psychedelics and highlights potential risks associated with their use.

Personal Experience and Risks

• The speaker shares their personal experience of having a bad trip on LSD as a teenager, which led to fear of being dosed with LSD in the future.

• It is suggested that using psychedelics during adolescence may be a bad idea, especially for individuals with preexisting mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.

• Adequate support from a guide throughout psychedelic sessions, including pre-sessions and integration afterwards, is crucial to avoid negative consequences.

New Section

This section discusses both positive and negative outcomes associated with psilocybin therapy.

Psilocybin Therapy

• While some individuals with treatment-resistant depression have reported significant improvements after psilocybin therapy, it should be noted that this therapy involves multiple pre-sessions, psychedelic sessions, and post-sessions.

• Negative outcomes and suffering can also occur following psychedelic journeys if proper support is lacking.

• The structural similarity between psilocybin and serotonin is highlighted, along with the misconception surrounding microdosing psilocybin.

New Section

This section addresses the potential risks and benefits of using psychedelics, drawing parallels with cannabis.

Risks and Benefits

• It is cautioned that children using psychedelics is not advisable, especially considering their still developing brains.

• Individuals with a predisposition to bipolar disorder or schizophrenia may experience exacerbation of symptoms when using psychedelics.

• The importance of having adequate support from a guide during psychedelic sessions and integration afterwards is emphasized.

• While some individuals have reported positive outcomes from psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, it is not always the case.

New Section

This section explores the potential risks associated with cannabis use and highlights the limited data available on high-speed train psychedelics like DMT.

Cannabis Use and High-Speed Train Psychedelics

• The speaker acknowledges that cannabis has its uses but warns about the potential problems associated with high THC concentration cannabis, particularly for individuals with a predisposition to psychosis.

• The addictive nature of cannabis is mentioned, challenging the notion that it is not addictive.

• Limited data exists on high-speed train psychedelics like DMT, while more robust data supports MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD treatment.

New Section

This section discusses MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD treatment and emphasizes caution in its use.

MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy

• The speaker suggests that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promising results for treating PTSD but raises concerns about overindulgence due to its dopaminergic effects.

• Issues related to purity and potential misuse are mentioned.

• Caution is advised when approaching these substances, particularly in relation to children. The evolving landscape of psychedelic research is acknowledged.

New Section

This section highlights the structural similarity between psilocybin and serotonin, as well as the importance of neuromodulator levels in recovery or negative effects.

Structural Similarity and Neuromodulator Levels

• The speaker emphasizes the similarity between psilocybin and serotonin in terms of their chemical structure.

• The effectiveness of microdosing psilocybin is questioned due to limited compelling data.

• Drawing a parallel with cannabis, caution is advised to avoid repeating past mistakes by overgeneralizing or misusing psychedelics.

• Increasing neuromodulator levels acutely, whether through prescription drugs or psychedelics, plays a crucial role in potential recovery or negative effects.

New Section

This section discusses meditation's impact on sleep and memory focus.

Meditation and Sleep/Memory Focus

• Research by Wendy Suzuki suggests that even 10 minutes of meditation can improve memory focus.

• Meditating too close to bedtime may cause difficulty sleeping due to its focusing nature.

• Meditation is described as a self-directed shift in perception towards internal states rather than something mystical.

• In this state, the brain generates distinct patterns of activity compared to when attention is divided between internal and external stimuli.

New Section

This section delves into the concept of meditation and addresses misconceptions surrounding it.

Demystifying Meditation

• The speaker aims to demystify meditation by emphasizing its perceptual and self-directed nature rather than attributing it to mysticism.

• Perception shifts during meditation allow for focused attention on interoception and internal states without involving anything beyond one's physical body.

• The need for a deeper understanding of meditation and dispelling misconceptions is highlighted.

New Section

This section explores the potential risks and benefits of cannabis use, particularly in relation to chronic users.

Risks and Benefits of Cannabis Use

• While acknowledging the potential benefits of cannabis for certain individuals, caution is advised regarding high THC concentration cannabis, especially for those with a predisposition to psychosis.

• The addictive nature of cannabis is mentioned, challenging the notion that it is not addictive.

• Chronic cannabis users are starting to recognize some issues associated with its use.

• Clinical applications exist but limited data is available on high-speed train psychedelics like DMT.

New Section

This section focuses on MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD treatment and the likelihood of legalization or decriminalization.

MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy and Legalization

• The speaker suggests that there is more robust data supporting MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD treatment compared to other psychedelics.

• The possibility of legalization or decriminalization in the near future is mentioned.

• However, concerns about overindulgence due to its dopaminergic effects and issues related to purity are raised.

• Excitement surrounds the evolving landscape of psychedelic research, with many institutions now dedicated to studying psychedelics.

New Section

This section emphasizes the importance of approaching psychedelics with caution and highlights their impact on neuromodulator levels.

Approach with Caution

• Cautionary advice is given regarding the use of psychedelics, particularly in children.

• Increasing neuromodulator levels plays a significant role in both potential recovery and negative effects

Yoga Nidra and Language

The speaker discusses the practice of yoga nidra and how it is often stripped of cultural aspects and intentions. This can potentially disconnect some people from wanting to engage in the practice.

Stripping Away Intentions and Language

• Yoga nidra is often presented without cultural aspects or language that may make it more relatable.

• This approach may be unfair to the original practice of yoga nidra.

Divorce from Intention and Language

• Some people may feel disconnected from yoga nidra due to the use of intentions and language during the practice.

• Non-sleep deep rest, such as yoga nidra, can be helpful for falling back asleep, while meditation enhances focus.

• It is not recommended for individuals with sleep difficulties to replace sleep with meditation.

Can Meditation Replace Sleep?

The speaker addresses whether meditation can compensate for lack of sleep. While one expert believes that sleep cannot be replaced, many individuals are unable to get as much sleep as they desire.

Matt Walker's Perspective

• According to Matt Walker, it is not possible to replace sleep with meditation.

• However, not everyone can achieve their desired amount of sleep or wake up naturally without an alarm clock.

Sleep Asymmetry

• There is an asymmetry in sleep needs based on individual chronotypes.

• Going to bed earlier benefits early risers who wake up feeling great, while going to bed later can result in grogginess.

Individual Sleep Needs

• The speaker disagrees with Matt Walker's perspective based on his interpretation of data.

• NSDR (Non-Sleep Deep Rest) through practices like yoga nidra can help offset some sleep loss and improve functioning.

NSDR as a Tool for Sleep Loss

The speaker shares personal experiences with NSDR (Non-Sleep Deep Rest) and how it can help offset sleep loss. They also mention the use of yoga nidra in addiction and trauma recovery centers.

Personal Experience with NSDR

• The speaker discovered yoga nidra, specifically NSDR, as a tool to compensate for inadequate sleep.

• 10 to 20 minutes of NSDR can be sufficient to offset some sleep loss and improve functioning.

• A study is being conducted at Stanford's Sleep Laboratory to explore this further.

Military Use of NSDR

• Certain military units rely on tools like NSDR to function at their highest level due to limited opportunities for sleep.

• While they would prefer 8 to 10 hours of sleep, it is not always possible.

Sleep Hygiene and Preferences

The speaker discusses the importance of recognizing individual sleep needs and preferences. They also mention the value of NSDR as a tool for wakefulness.

Individual Sleep Needs

• It is important to acknowledge that we don't get to choose how much we sleep.

• Being neurotic about sleep hygiene may limit one's experiences in life.

Bedtime Preferences

• Going to bed early can be beneficial but staying up occasionally is necessary.

• The speaker mentions watching "Chimp Empire" on Netflix and finding NSDR valuable after insufficient sleep.

Podcasting and Personal Impact

The speaker reflects on their podcasting experience, its impact on their life, and shares recommendations for other podcasts they enjoy.

Private Nature and Modes

• The speaker considers themselves fairly private and introverted, spending a lot of time alone.

• They have four modes: preparing through sleep/NSDR, gathering information, organizing information, dispersing information.

Podcast Recommendations

• The podcast has been an opportunity for the speaker to share things they love.

• They recommend "A History of 500 Songs" for rock and roll enthusiasts.

• The podcast has changed the speaker's understanding of the world and invites critique.

Timestamps are approximate and may not align perfectly with the actual video.

The History of What You See

The speaker discusses the discrepancy between historical narratives and what actually happened. They express excitement about an upcoming documentary where their voice will be included.

Understanding Historical Narratives

• Historical narratives often do not accurately represent what a person truly did or said.

• The speaker is honored to have the opportunity to contribute their perspective to a documentary.

• Challenges arise when things are taken out of context, leading to misunderstandings.

Feeling Honored and Facing Challenges

The speaker reflects on feeling honored by the opportunity but acknowledges the challenges that come with it.

Feeling Honored and Challenged

• The speaker feels very honored with the opportunity but admits it can be challenging at times.

• One major challenge is being misunderstood when clips are taken out of context.

• Despite challenges, the speaker considers themselves lucky because they get to spend time learning and sharing information.

Focus on Positivity and Engagement

The speaker emphasizes focusing on positivity, engaging on social media, and having a desire for understanding.

Focusing on Positivity and Engagement

• The speaker tries to focus on positive aspects and has practices that help them do so.

• They engage actively on social media rather than just posting without interaction.

• Their interests range from cuttlefish to human beings, driven by a strong desire for mastery and justice.

Personal Curiosity and Podcasting

The speaker shares their personal curiosity, love for podcasting, and interest in understanding various experiences in life.

Personal Curiosity and Podcasting

• The speaker's personal experiences have shaped their curiosity about various subjects.

• They have a strong desire to understand and share information through podcasting.

• While they care about certain things, their focus is primarily on the podcast and learning.

Willpower, Tenacity, and Health Trends

The speaker discusses willpower, tenacity, and predicts upcoming trends in the health space.

Willpower, Tenacity, and Health Trends

• The speaker mentions an upcoming podcast episode on willpower and tenacity.

• They anticipate non-protein amino acids becoming an important topic in the health space.

• There is currently an obsession with seed oils, but the speaker believes there's more to explore beyond that trend.

Non-Protein Amino Acids and Future Research

The speaker delves into the potential impact of non-protein amino acids on neurodegeneration and other neurocognitive challenges.

Non-Protein Amino Acids and Future Research

• Non-protein amino acids from foods may be incorporated into our body's proteins, potentially leading to misfolding of those proteins.

• This could explain certain forms of neurodegeneration and other neurocognitive challenges.

• The discussion around non-protein amino acids from foods is expected to be interesting in future research.

Exploring Stress, Neuroplasticity, and Abstract Thought

The speaker expresses interest in exploring stress-related topics as well as abstract thought and creativity.

Stress, Neuroplasticity, Abstract Thought

• The speaker finds interest in understanding stress-related topics like neuroplasticity.

• They mention not being interested in the free will discussion but acknowledge its complexity.

• Higher-level concepts such as structured thought, abstract reasoning, creativity, and spirituality intrigue the speaker.

Navigating Life's Challenges and Perplexities

The speaker reflects on the challenges and wonders of life, expressing a desire for better understanding and navigation.

Navigating Life's Challenges

• The speaker believes that life is challenging, perplexing, and wonderful.

• They emphasize the importance of better understanding how to navigate these complexities.

• Exploring the stuff in our skulls and expanding our conscious understanding is crucial.

Non-Protein Amino Acids from Foods

The speaker further discusses non-protein amino acids from foods and their potential impact on protein folding.

Non-Protein Amino Acids from Foods

• Consuming non-protein amino acids in abundance, especially in liquid form, may have implications for protein folding.

• This emerging area of research may shed light on neurodegeneration and other neurocognitive challenges.

• Understanding the role of non-protein amino acids from foods will be an interesting discussion.

Abstract Thought, Creativity, and Spirituality

The speaker highlights their interest in abstract thought, creativity, and exploring beliefs beyond current understanding.

Abstract Thought, Creativity, Spirituality

• The speaker finds abstract thought, creativity, and defining different states of waking consciousness intriguing.

• They express curiosity about spirituality and beliefs that go beyond current conscious understanding.

• Better understanding these aspects can help navigate life's challenges more effectively.

The Mechanics of Emotions and Thoughts

In this section, the speaker discusses their fascination with understanding the mechanics of emotions and thoughts. They express excitement about the possibility of our species comprehending these aspects and allowing room for unexplained phenomena in our lives.

Exploring Brain Interactions

• The speaker finds it interesting to explore how brains interact with each other.

• This area is a subject of scientific exploration.

• Understanding brain interactions can help us understand emotions and thoughts.

Balancing Fun and Neuroscience

• The speaker is asked about balancing fun with their passion for neuroscience.

• They enjoy learning and physical movement as part of their fun activities.

• Finding delight in little things, like observing a frog or contemplating experiences from different perspectives, brings them joy.

• They believe everyone has their own unique interests that enchant them.

Following Curiosity and Staying Open

In this section, the speaker talks about the importance of following curiosity and staying open to new experiences. They emphasize finding joy in the little things and not filtering life through societal expectations.

Finding Joy in Little Things

• The speaker finds delight in the little things that enchant them.

• Children's perspectives are often delightful because they are not filtered through societal expectations.

• Being open to what one finds cool or interesting can lead to discovering shared interests with others.

Practicing Openness

• Staying open to new experiences is important for finding fun.

• Reading, learning, exercising, and engaging in activities that excite them are part of their practice of staying open.

• While they appreciate systematic routines, they also allow themselves to follow trails that excite them.

Daylight Saving Time Controversy

In this section, the speaker expresses their opinion on daylight saving time. They argue against its implementation, citing negative effects on health and productivity.

Criticizing Daylight Saving Time

• The speaker strongly opposes daylight saving time.

• They believe it is a stupid idea that goes against biology.

• Daylight saving time has been linked to increased car crashes, heart attacks, and depression.

• Arguments in favor of daylight saving time are unsubstantiated.

Importance of Natural Light

• The speaker emphasizes the importance of getting sunlight early in the day for optimal health.

• Low solar angle sunlight in the morning and evening is beneficial for eye health.

• Artificial light can be used if natural light is not available.

Finding Fun and Delight

In this section, the speaker reflects on what brings them joy and how they define fun. They discuss their interests, including learning, physical movement, and staying open to new experiences.

Personal Definition of Fun

• The speaker finds fun in activities like learning and physical movement.

• They enjoy finding delight in little things that enchant them.

• Being open to what one finds cool or interesting can lead to discovering shared interests with others.

Embracing Weirdness

• The speaker believes everyone is a little weird when they allow themselves to see things they find cool or interesting.

• Following curiosity and embracing one's unique interests can lead to a fulfilling sense of fun.

Please note that these summaries are based solely on the provided transcript.

Gosh, people always say, like, if you could go back to your 19-year-old self, what would you do? And that's a tricky one. There are movies about that, right?

In this section, the speaker reflects on what they would tell their 19-year-old self and offers advice on how to navigate life at that age.

Advice for a 19-year-old

• Worry less and have more fun. Avoid rigidity in life.

• Learn how you learn and develop focus and rest techniques.

• Stress is bad unless you're getting enough sleep; stress can be called learning in life.

• Engage in cardiovascular and resistance training activities.

• Practice self-awareness through journaling or meditation.

• Surround yourself with people you like and avoid those you don't.

• Trust your instincts when it comes to relationships and personal preferences.

How can we transform the American education system to be more effective?

The speaker discusses their thoughts on improving the American education system.

Transforming the education system

• Incorporate discussions about the brain and body early on in education.

• Teach students how to modulate stress levels and improve sleep through zero-cost tools.

• Provide levers and knobs for individuals to maneuver within themselves regardless of socioeconomic boundaries or language barriers.

Informing policy: The role of podcasts

The speaker talks about their interest in informing policy through their podcast.

Informing policy through podcasts

• The podcast served as a platform for discussing topics related to circadian disruption, anxiety, stress, etc., during the pandemic.

• Recognized a lack of discussion from neuroscience professionals and government positions on these topics.

• Interested in potentially informing policy if given the opportunity.

Conclusion

The speaker concludes by mentioning the importance of transcending language barriers and reaching a diverse audience through podcasts.

Reaching a diverse audience

• Recognizes the need to reach beyond the United States and different cultures speaking different languages.

• Expresses interest in using AI to translate podcasts into multiple languages for wider accessibility.

The Challenges of Growing Up

In this section, the speaker reflects on the difficulties of growing up and expresses their opinion on the need for more tools and protocols to support children.

The Toughness of Growing Up

• Growing up can be tougher than being an adult.

• More tools and protocols are needed to help children navigate the challenges of growing up.

Opinion on Teaching Kids

• The speaker believes that they have a biased opinion on what should be taught to kids.

• They express their willingness to share their thoughts if asked.

Gratitude and Conclusion

The speaker expresses gratitude towards the audience, acknowledges going over time, thanks their team, and shows appreciation for the interest in science.

Thanking the Audience

• The speaker thanks everyone for attending, especially on a weekday night.

• Apologizes for going long with their talk.

Expressing Gratitude

• Thanks the audience sincerely for making their way to the event.

• Acknowledges and appreciates the hospitality received.

• Expresses gratitude towards their incredible team.

Appreciation for Science

• Thanks everyone for their interest in science.

• Conveys heartfelt appreciation for the support shown.

Applause

The audience applauds as a gesture of appreciation.