HISTORIA DE ESPAÑA en el SIGLO XX *EBAU*

Spanish History Overview

The transcript provides an overview of Spanish history in the 20th century, focusing on four major periods: the crisis of the Restoration, the Second Spanish Republic, the Spanish Civil War, and its aftermath under Franco's regime.

Crisis of the Restoration (1902-1917)

• The early 20th century in Spain was marked by the crisis of the Restoration, characterized by attempts to reform the regime but hindered by internal corruption, nationalist pressures, and social unrest.

• Social tensions escalated due to industrial sector income disparities leading to the 1917 crisis with significant social, military, and political consequences.

Second Spanish Republic (1931-1936)

• Following Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, municipal elections favored republicans leading to proclaiming the Second Spanish Republic on April 14, 1931.

• The Second Republic saw a period of stability with reforms such as universal suffrage, women's voting rights, land redistribution, regional autonomy, education expansion, secular society establishment.

Outbreak of Spanish Civil War (1936)

• Political turmoil intensified with radical movements culminating in a failed coup attempt triggering widespread violence across Spain in July 1936.

• General Franco's military uprising against the Republican government sparked the Spanish Civil War dividing Spain into Republican-held territories and Nationalist-controlled areas.

Aftermath under Franco's Regime

• Franco established an authoritarian regime post-war characterized by civilian targeting in military attacks resulting in significant casualties and refugee exodus.

Spanish Civil War and Franco's Regime

This section discusses the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, focusing on Francisco Franco's regime and its impact on Spain politically, economically, and internationally.

Franco's Consolidation of Power

• The new political regime under Franco abolished the division of powers, constitution, individual freedoms, political parties, and citizen representation.

• In 1937, all Francoist political groups were unified into a new party called the National Movement.

International Isolation and Moderation

• After World War II, Spain faced international isolation due to condemnation of fascism by the UN in 1946.

• Spain legally defined itself as a kingdom with the Fuero de los Españoles in 1945, presenting it as a charter of individual rights.

Economic Developments and Social Unrest

• The 1950s marked a shift towards industrialization under Franco's regime to combat economic challenges.

• Agricultural modernization occurred with increased irrigation, mechanization, and fertilizers while reducing agricultural employment.

Transition from Francoism to Democracy

This section delves into the transition period from Franco's dictatorship to democracy in Spain.

Political Divisions and Leadership Changes

• Post-Franco's death in 1975 led to divisions within the Franquist political class between reformists and hardliners.

• Luis Carrero Blanco served briefly as president promoting economic development before his assassination by ETA in 1973.

Turbulent Times Under New Leadership

• Carlos Arias Navarro succeeded Blanco but faced economic crises exacerbated by the oil crisis of 1973.