How World War I was FOUGHT [AP World History Review—Unit 7 Topic 3]

How Was World War I Fought?

Understanding Total War

• World War I is characterized as the world's first Total War, requiring full mobilization of both military and civilian populations.

• In Total War, civilians are not just bystanders; they become integral to the war effort and can be targeted in military operations.

Propaganda and Morale

• Governments employed propaganda extensively to maintain morale among troops and civilians, often exaggerating enemy atrocities.

• The aim of propaganda was to frame the conflict as a righteous struggle against evil forces, justifying sacrifices made by citizens.

Nationalism's Role

• Nationalism intensified during this period, with nations viewing each other primarily as rivals, which fueled propaganda efforts that instilled fear and pride.

Military Technology and Tactics

• New military technologies such as machine guns, chemical gas, and tanks contributed significantly to the high casualty rates in World War I.

• Trench warfare emerged as a dominant tactic after initial charges led to massive casualties from machine gun fire.

The Nature of Trench Warfare

• Trench warfare involved both sides digging extensive networks of trenches for protection, leading to prolonged stalemates with heavy losses but little territorial gain.

• This strategy resulted in years of deadlock where neither side could achieve decisive victories despite mounting casualties.

Global Scope of the Conflict

• As casualties rose among European powers, colonial troops were recruited from various regions (e.g., Africa, India), reflecting the global nature of the war.

• Many colonial soldiers participated in hopes that their sacrifices would lead to greater autonomy or independence post-war.

Entry of the United States

The Role of the U.S. in World War I

Incitement and Entry into the War

• The U.S. attempted to incite Mexico to engage in conflict with them, aiming to divert attention away from their own involvement in World War I.

• Various factors contributed to the U.S. entering the war, including political maneuvers and military strategies that ultimately drew them into the conflict.

• The introduction of fresh American troops, supported by industrial strength, significantly shifted the momentum against Germany and the Central Powers.

Conclusion of the War

• The war officially concluded in 1918 with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, marking a defeat for Germany and its allies.