Chapter 8 Crime and Violence in the United States
Understanding Crime Perception and Theories
Overview of Crime Perception in America
- According to a Gallup poll from 2001, Americans felt there was less violent crime than the previous year for the first time in twelve years, despite ongoing fears about personal safety.
- Many individuals still expressed concerns about crime near their homes, indicating a disconnect between perception and reality regarding crime rates.
Statistical Insights on Violent Crime
- Between 1994 and 2001, violent crime in the U.S. decreased by 52%, with victims dropping from 51 per 1,000 people over age twelve to 24 per 1,000.
- Experts attribute this decline to demographic changes (aging population) and stricter law enforcement practices in cities like New York and Boston.
- Despite improvements in violent crime statistics, white-collar crimes remain a significant issue that is often overlooked due to their different nature and societal impact.
Theoretical Perspectives on Crime
Two Competing Theories of Human Nature
- First Theory: People are inherently good; criminal behavior stems from environmental factors rather than individual flaws. This perspective suggests society's shortcomings lead individuals to commit crimes.
- Second Theory: People are innately aggressive and predisposed to violence; socialization and punishment are necessary to curb these tendencies. This view posits that failure in socialization leads to criminal behavior.
Liberal Perspective on Crime Causes
- Liberals argue that societal issues such as racism, poverty, family breakdown, media violence, inadequate education, unemployment, child abuse, and drug proliferation contribute significantly to criminal behavior.
- They highlight that many criminals come from an underclass characterized by poverty and lack of opportunity but acknowledge that not all individuals from this background become criminals. Critics point out exceptions among affluent backgrounds who also engage in criminal activities.
Conservative Viewpoint on Socialization
- Conservatives believe effective socialization through family instills values against violence; if this fails, fear of punishment should deter criminal acts. A well-functioning justice system is crucial for maintaining order according to this theory.
Understanding White-Collar Crime and Its Complexities
The Nature of White-Collar Crime
- White-collar criminals typically include businessmen, politicians, and financiers who have benefited from society but may lack a well-developed conscience.
- Critics argue that some individuals from families with strong values still engage in white-collar crime, often due to a belief that they won't face consequences.
Complexity of Crime Theories
- Crime is too complex to be explained by simple theories; both family dynamics and societal factors contribute to criminal behavior.
- Solutions to crime should involve the family’s role in socializing children to respect societal values, alongside government intervention.
Role of Society and Government