Interfaces Humano-Computador - Aula 03 - Design centrado no humano

Introduction

The instructor introduces the topic of human-computer interfaces and mentions that today's focus will be on human-centered design in the context of software engineering.

Understanding Design and Artifacts

• Design is a process that transforms a problem or situation into a finished product or solution.

• Design involves creativity and is guided by a controlled and directed process.

• The design should not only solve the problem but also meet economic objectives.

• Artifacts are the things created through design to solve problems.

• Humans have always produced and used artifacts, which modify their environment.

• Artifacts create new needs for further design iterations.

Human-Centered Design Process

This section discusses the human-centered design process, its activities, and its relationship with software engineering. It also introduces the concept of agile methods and design thinking.

Understanding Design Process

• Design is driven by demand, such as solving problems, improving experiences, simplifying tasks, enhancing performance, or ensuring safety.

• The design process involves various stakeholders beyond just end-users, including clients, buyers, superiors, marketing professionals, support staff, instructors/trainers.

• These stakeholders are collectively referred to as "stakeholders" in human-centered design.

Relationship with Software Engineering

• In human-computer interaction (HCI), there is a distinction between users (those who consume products) and customers/clients (those who contract or purchase products).

• Users are individuals who actively interact with interfaces while customers/clients may not necessarily be users themselves.

Stakeholders in Human-Centered Design

This section expands on the concept of stakeholders in human-centered design and highlights their importance in the design process.

Identifying Stakeholders

• Stakeholders in human-centered design include end-users, secondary users, clients, buyers, superiors, marketing professionals, support staff, instructors/trainers.

• End-users are the individuals who directly interact with the product interfaces.

• Secondary users are involved in the process and benefit from the results but may not manipulate the interfaces themselves.

Importance of Stakeholders

• Understanding and involving stakeholders is crucial for designing effective solutions to problems.

• Each stakeholder brings unique perspectives and requirements that need to be considered during the design process.

Conclusion

The instructor concludes by emphasizing that human-centered design involves considering various stakeholders throughout the design process.

The Philosophy of Human-Centered Design

This section discusses the philosophy of placing the human at the center of the design process. It introduces ISO 9126-210, a usability standard for human-centered design.

Definition of Human-Centered Design

• ISO 9126-210 defines human-centered design as an approach to designing and developing systems that prioritize usability.

• The approach focuses on understanding users, applying knowledge in human factors and ergonomics, and ensuring interactive systems are more usable.

Origins of Human-Centered Design

• The concept of human-centered design dates back to a publication in 1987 by Gold and Lewis.

• They developed a voice mail system for athletes, families, and journalists during the 1984 Olympics.

• This project involved multiple user groups and aimed to create a system well-received by the media.

• The researchers used a behavior-centered approach, emphasizing early user focus, empirical measurements, and iterative design.

Three Principles of Human-Centered Design

1. Early User Focus: Understanding users' needs, characteristics, and tasks before software engineering begins. This is achieved through techniques like interviews, observations, and immersion.

2. Empirical Measurements on Prototypes: Creating prototypes to evaluate usability before investing resources in production. Realistic scenarios with representative users are used to assess performance and gather feedback.

3. Iterative Process: Recognizing that perfection is not achieved on the first attempt. Prototypes are refined based on usability goals through iterative cycles of design refinement while considering cost-benefit analysis.

Evolution of Principles

• The principles have evolved over time and were incorporated into ISO 9241-210 published in 2011.

• This standard expanded upon earlier principles from Gold and Lewis while emphasizing multidisciplinary perspectives within project teams.

User Engagement and Holistic Experience

This section discusses the importance of user engagement and considering the holistic experience in human-centered design.

User Involvement throughout the Design Process

• Users should be engaged not only at the initial stage but also throughout development and evaluation.

• Their involvement ensures their needs are met and helps in creating a successful end product.

Considering the Holistic User Experience

• Human-centered design should encompass the entirety of the user experience, rather than focusing on individual interfaces.

• The goal is to consider all touchpoints and interactions users have with different interfaces within a system.

Multidisciplinary Project Teams

• Project teams should consist of individuals with diverse expertise, including domain knowledge, design skills, behavioral understanding, business understanding, software architecture, and computer science.

Summary

Human-centered design places the human at the center of the design process. It involves understanding users' needs early on, using empirical measurements on prototypes for evaluation, and following an iterative process. The principles of human-centered design have evolved over time and are now incorporated into ISO 9241-210. User engagement throughout the entire design process is crucial, as well as considering the holistic user experience. Multidisciplinary project teams ensure a comprehensive approach to human-centered design.

Understanding the Design Process

In this section, the speaker discusses the three main stages of the design process: analysis of the current situation, production of a solution, and evaluation of the intervention. The design process is iterative and interactive.

Three Stages of the Design Process

• The design process consists of three main stages: analysis of the current situation, production of a solution, and evaluation of the intervention.

• The analysis stage involves studying and understanding the existing situation.

• The production stage focuses on synthesizing a solution to address the identified problem.

• The evaluation stage assesses whether the solution effectively resolves the problem.

User-Centered Design Approach

• User-centered design involves planning and identifying techniques, teams, and requirements.

• Understanding the context in which users will use the product or solution is crucial.

• The problem to be solved may have technological or social roots.

• User requirements are specified to guide the design process.

• Prototyping is used to evaluate solutions against user requirements.

Comprehending and Specifying Context of Use

• To comprehend and specify context of use:

• Identify stakeholders involved in the project.

• Characterize users and user groups based on their behavior and needs.

• Understand users' goals, challenges, and needs in their current situation.

• Recognize environmental factors such as existing artifacts and interaction platforms.

Specifying User Requirements

• Specify user requirements based on opportunities for improvement.

• Define usability goals for user experience enhancement.

• Resolve conflicts between different requirements using requirement engineering techniques.

Designing Solutions

• Design solutions involve a creative process that includes conceptual design followed by prototyping at different levels of fidelity.

• Conceptual designs provide an overview without much detail but demonstrate how they solve problems.

• Prototypes are created at low fidelity initially for testing purposes before moving towards high-fidelity prototypes.

• User engagement through participatory design techniques is important during the design process.

Evaluation and Assessment

• Evaluation methods are chosen based on the stage of prototyping.

• Formative evaluations help shape the product's quality and usability.

• Summative evaluations provide a final assessment of whether the solution meets user needs.

• Continuous evaluation is necessary even after product release to monitor real-world usage.

User Engagement and Evaluation

This section focuses on user engagement, evaluation methods, and continuous monitoring of the product in use.

User Engagement in Design Process

• User engagement involves active participation of users in the design process.

• Participatory design techniques facilitate collaboration between users and designers.

Choosing Evaluation Methods

• Evaluation methods should be selected based on the specific stage of prototyping.

• Formative evaluations help shape the product's quality and usability during development.

• Summative evaluations provide a final assessment of whether the solution meets user needs.

Continuous Monitoring

• Continuous monitoring is essential to track real-world usage of the product after its release.

• It allows for ongoing assessment and identification of areas for improvement.

User Engagement Levels

This section discusses the different levels of user engagement in the design process.

Four Levels of User Engagement

• Users can be categorized into four levels of engagement: observer, evaluator, collaborator, and co-creator.

• Observer level: Users provide minimal engagement and are not actively involved in the design process.

• Evaluator level: Users provide feedback and opinions on the design but are not directly involved in its creation.

• Collaborator level: Users actively participate as consultants throughout the design process.

• Co-Creator level: Users are deeply engaged and contribute to creating the final product that they will use themselves.

Design-Centered Processes

This section explains how design-centered processes align with software engineering practices.

Compatibility with Software Engineering

• Design-centered processes are compatible with traditional software engineering lifecycle models.

• The activities shown in the previous section can be integrated into existing project lifecycles to ensure a human-centered approach is followed.

• Designers need to modify project lifecycles to make them more human-centered based on their organization's practices.

Human-Centered Design with Agile Methods

This section explores how human-centered design can be incorporated into agile development methods.

Human-Centered Design in Agile

• Human-centered design can be applied alongside agile methods in industry practices.

• In agile methods, a minimum viable product (MVP) is created based on user requirements, context, and goals.

• User experience plays a crucial role in determining what is minimal and viable in the product being developed.

Design Process with Agile Sprints

This section explains how the design process aligns with agile sprints.

Design Process within Agile Sprints

• In the initial phase of ideation, both design and development teams work simultaneously to understand user needs and technical requirements.

• The design team stays one sprint ahead of the development team to create the experience design for implementation.

• Development occurs in sprints while the design team validates and plans for future sprints.

• This iterative process continues until all planned sprints are completed.

Design Thinking Approach

This section introduces design thinking as an approach that promotes collaborative problem-solving.

Design Thinking Approach

• Design thinking is a contemporary approach that emphasizes decentralized design practices.

• It encourages professionals from various fields to become designers themselves to solve their own problems.

• Design thinking is widely used in policy-making, social interventions, and small businesses.

Conclusion

The transcript concludes by highlighting that design thinking aligns with human-centered design principles, allowing everyone to be a designer in problem-solving processes.

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