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Irrigation of the Neck: Understanding the Subclavian Artery

Overview of the Subclavian Artery

• The video introduces the topic of neck irrigation, focusing on two main arteries: the common carotid artery and the subclavian artery.

• The subclavian artery primarily irrigates the upper limb but has branches that supply parts of the neck as it travels to its destination.

Branches of the Subclavian Artery

• The subclavian artery is divided into three portions relative to the anterior scalene muscle:

• First Portion: Gives rise to three branches: internal mammary, thyrobicervicoscapular trunk, and vertebral artery.

• Second Portion: Emerges with intercostal cervix (cervical costal trunk) and descending scapular artery.

• Third Portion: Does not give any branches.

Anatomical Origins and Relations

• The aorta's first branch is identified as the brachiocephalic arterial trunk, which leads to both right common carotid and right subclavian arteries.

• The left side has separate origins for its common carotid and subclavian arteries from the arch of aorta; notably, left subclavian is longer than right due to anatomical positioning.

Transition from Subclavian to Axillary Artery

• The transition point from subclavian to axillary artery occurs at the external edge of the first rib; they are considered different names but represent continuous vessels.

Important Anatomical Relations

• Key structures related to the subclavian artery include:

• Middle scalene muscle (posterior relation)

• Brachial plexus (posterosuperior)

• Anterior relations include anterior scalene muscle, various jugular veins, sternocleidomastoid muscle, phrenic nerve, and vagus nerves.

Detailed Examination of Branches

Vertebral Artery Anatomy

• The vertebral artery consists of four portions; only two are crucial for understanding in this context:

• Cervical Portion: Extends from origin until it passes through C6 transverse foramen.

• Suboccipital & Intracranial Portions: Continue after entering skull through foramen magnum.

Internal Mammary Artery Insights

Overview of the Thyrobicervicoscapular Trunk and Its Branches

Anatomy and Function of the Arteries

• The discussion begins with the importance of understanding how certain arteries descend in front of the pleura, irrigating both thoracic and abdominal regions.

• The thyrobicervicoscapular trunk branches into three main arteries: inferior thyroid artery, transverse cervical artery, and suprascapular artery.

Inferior Thyroid Artery

• The inferior thyroid artery's first branch is the ascending cervical artery, which ascends alongside the phrenic nerve.

• It provides several branches that irrigate structures such as the larynx (via inferior laryngeal artery), pharynx, esophagus, and trachea.

• Glandular branches penetrate the thyroid capsule to supply blood to the thyroid gland.

Transverse Cervical Artery

• The transverse cervical artery runs beneath the omohyoid muscle and gives rise to a significant branch known as the superficial cervical artery.

• This superficial cervical artery anastomoses with a descending branch from the occipital artery.

Suprascapular Artery

• The suprascapular artery traverses along the upper edge of the scapula, forming an anastomotic arch with other scapular arteries.

Cervicointercostal Trunk and Dorsal Scapular Artery

• Moving to posterior anatomy, two major arteries are identified: cervicointercostal trunk (which includes deep cervical and superior intercostal arteries).

• The dorsal scapular or descending scapular artery also contributes to scapula irrigation alongside suprascapular supplies.