admi 3 Big 19.10.21

Introducción

En esta sección, el profesor saluda a los estudiantes y les informa que ha publicado un enlace para las clases. También discuten la posibilidad de programar una clase adicional para recuperar el tiempo perdido.

Saludos e información general

• El profesor saluda a los estudiantes y les informa que ha publicado un enlace para las clases.

• Discuten la posibilidad de programar una clase adicional para recuperar el tiempo perdido.

Clase Adicional

En esta sección, los estudiantes discuten la posibilidad de programar una clase adicional para recuperar el tiempo perdido.

Programación de una clase adicional

• Los estudiantes discuten la posibilidad de programar una clase adicional para recuperar el tiempo perdido.

• Se acuerda programar la clase adicional para el sábado 6 de noviembre.

La Empresa Pública como Proyecto Empresarial

En esta sección, el profesor comienza a hablar sobre la justificación de las empresas públicas y si realmente son organizaciones empresariales.

La Empresa Pública como Proyecto Empresarial

• El profesor habla sobre la justificación de las empresas públicas y si realmente son organizaciones empresariales.

• Discute cómo muchas empresas públicas no obtienen beneficios y dependen del presupuesto público.

• Habla sobre cómo esto ha llevado a políticas generales de gobierno en todo el mundo occidental para saber si realmente tienen que fundarse empresas públicas.

• Discute la necesidad de ser consecuente y asumir que una empresa pública ya no da para más y hay que deshacerse de ella o privatizarla.

Privatization and Public Enterprises

The speaker discusses the necessity of privatization as a means of adjusting public enterprise numbers when the budget no longer allows for it. He argues that privatization is not an ideological issue, but rather a practical one.

Privatization as a Necessary Measure

• The speaker argues that privatization was necessary after the liberalization package in 1991 and can be applied again whenever public enterprises need to be adjusted due to budget constraints.

• Privatization is not an ideological issue, but rather a practical one. It is used as a technique for transferring ownership under certain circumstances.

• Introducing private management into public enterprises allows for efficiency criteria to be used and helps depoliticize them. Public enterprises should not be subject to the whims of representative democracy.

Private Management in Public Enterprises

• Using private management methods requires utilizing private law because it is market-oriented.

• Private management implies that those who run public enterprises will always try to maximize profitability, just like any private company.

• Those who advocate for using these techniques seek to eliminate any protection or reaction privileges that may exist in public law over public enterprises.

Equal Treatment for Public and Private Enterprises

• Prior to current legislation, Peruvian public enterprises were protected from paying taxes and had different rules regarding sentence execution than other market operators.

• Our constitution establishes equal treatment among all types of economic initiatives in the market, whether they are public, private or mixed. There should be no privileges granted based on enterprise type.

Understanding Administration in Public Enterprises

The speaker asks students what the nature of public administration is, and then goes on to explain that public administration is an agent of savings and expenditure.

The Nature of Public Administration

• The speaker asks students what the nature of public administration is.

• No response is given.

• The speaker answers that public administration in economic aspects is an agent of savings and expenditure.

La naturaleza del gasto en la administración pública y las empresas públicas

En esta sección, se discute cómo la naturaleza del gasto en la administración pública choca con la idea de rentabilidad de las empresas públicas.

La naturaleza del gasto en la administración pública

• El gasto en la administración pública está limitado por restricciones legales.

• La eficiencia de la administración pública se mide por su capacidad para generar un gasto correcto y de calidad.

• La administración pública está hecha para gastar y tiene que tener control sobre una empresa pública.

Las empresas públicas y su necesidad de rentabilidad

• Las empresas públicas están hechas para lucrar y obtener ventajas patrimoniales.

• Las empresas públicas funcionan como sociedades anónimas bajo el esquema previsto por el derecho.

• Rentabilizar implica tomar decisiones que pueden implicar ahorros, ampliar inversiones con riesgo o incluso no hacer nada.

• Si una empresa pública pierde dinero, puede desaparecer o terminar en manos privadas.

El choque entre la naturaleza del gasto público y las empresas públicas

• Existe un choque entre la naturaleza del gasto público y las empresas públicas debido a que estas últimas tienen que rentabilizar.

• El problema radica en cómo solucionar este choque ya que la administración pública no va a dejar de ser la administración en el momento que crea una empresa y la empresa pública no debe perder dinero.

• Una posible solución es someter este tipo de empresas a un control por parte de otra administración que mantenga asegurado el gasto de calidad.

Understanding the Complexities of Public Enterprises

In this section, the speaker discusses the complexities of public enterprises and the need for a clear understanding of their nature.

The Challenge of Balancing Economic Interests

• Public enterprises are complex because they are controlled by a government entity that seeks to balance economic interests with public service.

• A solution is to create a "vaso comunicante" or communication channel between both entities to ensure that each understands its role in maintaining financial stability.

• The government must understand that it cannot constantly inject funds into public enterprises without restrictions, as this can lead to financial instability and ultimately collapse.

• Public enterprises must also learn to be self-sustaining and not rely on constant injections of funds from the government.

Lessons from Past Failures

• The failure of public enterprises in Peru during the 1980s led to a collapse of the country's economy. This was due to an unsustainable model where the government constantly injected funds into failing businesses.

• To avoid repeating past mistakes, there needs to be a clear understanding of both entities' roles and responsibilities. The government should not use public funds to sustain failing businesses indefinitely.

Importance of Proper Planning and Management

• When creating a public enterprise, proper planning is crucial. Initial capital injection should be followed by efficient management practices that prioritize profitability while fulfilling social obligations.

• It is important for governments not to appoint individuals based on political affiliations but rather on their expertise in managing businesses effectively.

• Failure to do so can lead to poor decision-making and ultimately harm both the public enterprise and the government's financial stability.

Capacities and Responsibilities of Directors

In this section, the speaker discusses the importance of having directors with decision-making capabilities in an organization. He emphasizes that companies must define their objectives and take a stance on various costs to ensure efficiency.

Director's Capabilities

• The speaker stresses the importance of having directors who possess decision-making capabilities.

• Companies must define their objectives and take a stance on various costs to ensure efficiency.

• If the administration does not meet its objectives, there should be changes in the company's management.

Indecopi and Public Enterprises

In this section, the speaker talks about Indecopi as an autonomous body responsible for consumer protection. He also differentiates between public enterprises' personnel and public function.

Indecopi

• The speaker mentions Indecopi as an autonomous body responsible for consumer protection.

• The head of Indecopi should be efficient since it is essential to have competent people in such important positions.

• The penalists mix up everything by confusing Indecopi with Petroperu. However, they are two separate entities that need to be differentiated from each other.

Public Enterprises Personnel vs Public Function

• There is a difference between public enterprises' personnel and public function.

• It is crucial to differentiate between these two entities since they operate differently under different laws.

• Even though there are already existing public enterprises in Peru, they still need to follow standard techniques like despartidizar auto-sostenibilidad no pérdida del dinero to ensure efficiency.

Control of Public Enterprises

In this section, the speaker talks about the control of public enterprises in Peru. He mentions that the Contraloría is responsible for controlling expenses and that there should be an internal audit system to report any irregularities.

Control of Expenses

• The Contraloría is responsible for controlling expenses in public enterprises.

• There should be an internal audit system to report any irregularities.

• The information obtained from auditing public enterprises' financial statements should be accessible to the public.

Public Enterprises as a Society Anonyma

• Public enterprises are governed under a society anonyma form.

• Metro is an example of a public enterprise that operates under this form.

Control and Transparency of Public Companies

In this section, the speaker discusses the need for transparency in public companies and how citizens should have access to financial information about these companies.

Public Access to Financial Information

• Citizens should have access to financial information about public companies that were created with public funds.

• Petroperú was initially funded by past generations of Peruvians, so current citizens have a right to know how the company is performing financially.

• While private companies may keep financial information private for competitive reasons, public companies do not operate in the same way and should allow public access to their financial data.

• The numbers and general profits of public companies should be made available to the public just as they are for private companies.

Reserving Information

• Public companies can reserve certain operational information if it is necessary for operational purposes. For example, Petroperú's engineering formula for asphalt production is protected due to its competitive advantage.

• However, overall profits and general financial data should still be made available to the public.

Importance of Attending Synchronous Classes

In this section, the speaker emphasizes the importance of attending synchronous classes and participating in class discussions.

Benefits of Attending Synchronous Classes

• Students who attend synchronous classes have access to live discussions with their peers and professors.

• Attending synchronous classes shows a sense of duty and responsibility towards one's education.

• The professor values students who attend synchronous classes because it shows dedication towards learning.

Public Companies and Profitability

In this section, the speaker discusses how public companies should strive for efficiency and profitability.

Efficiency and Profitability in Public Companies

• Public companies should not lose money and should strive for efficiency and profitability.

• While public companies are not created to make a profit, they still need to be efficient in their operations.

I apologize, but the transcript you provided does not have enough context for me to create a summary. Could you please provide more information about the video or audio file that this transcript is from?

El papel del sector privado y las empresas públicas

En esta sección, se discute el papel del sector privado y las empresas públicas en la economía peruana. Se habla sobre el principio social de darle al privado el protagonismo de la realidad, pero también se menciona que existe una prohibición relativa para que la administración pública funde empresas públicas. Además, se discute cómo las empresas públicas pueden competir con las empresas privadas.

El principio social y la prohibición relativa

• El principio social es darle al privado el protagonismo de la realidad.

• La prohibición relativa establece que la administración pública no puede fundar empresas públicas a menos que el Congreso y el Ejecutivo estén de acuerdo.

• Si una empresa pública compite con actividad en marcha privada, puede hacerlo siempre y cuando su intención no sea desaparecer una vez que los privados ya suplen este mercado.

Motivos para crear una empresa pública

• Una empresa pública puede aparecer por acciones estratégicas del Estado, como reservar parte del petróleo en favor de una empresa pública porque es considerado estratégico.

• Lo más importante es que aparezca la ley con motivos.

Empresas públicas vs. Empresas privadas

• Las empresas públicas aparecen con un carácter supletorio, lo cual significa que solo desaparecerán cuando lo quiera el legislador o exista la aplicación de la cláusula oro o la administración pública.

• El monopolio no es ni malo ni bueno, pero en Perú se ve artificialmente por mandato de una norma, creando un privilegio de la empresa pública para no compartir en igualdad de condiciones y colocándola en una posición viciosa.

Empresas públicas y monopolios en Perú

En esta sección, Nicolás explica cómo las empresas públicas en Perú están divididas por sectores de control en el ejecutivo. El Fonafe es la reunión de varios ministerios que ordena la actividad de las empresas del estado. Si hay abuso de posición de dominio, el intercambio a través de competencias puede intervenir.

Monopolios naturales y su regulación

• Las empresas eléctricas son un monopolio natural en Perú.

• Si abusan de su posición y afectan derechos de terceros, pueden ser sancionados.

• El monopolio no es ni malo ni bueno, puede existir por razones naturales o hechas por la norma que lo prohíben.

• La mayoría de sectores en el país tienen pocos operadores para un sector importante donde alguno puede asumir una posición de dominio que afecte los derechos de otros.

Desideologización y uso adecuado del derecho administrativo económico

En esta sección, Nicolás habla sobre la necesidad de desideologizar las técnicas utilizadas en el derecho administrativo económico. Ninguna técnica es sacra o sagrada, depende del uso que se le dé.

Uso adecuado del derecho administrativo económico

• Hay que desideologizar las técnicas utilizadas en el derecho administrativo económico.

• Ninguna técnica es sacra o sagrada, depende del uso que se le dé.

• Es necesario volver a las técnicas más puras para entender qué tiene un gobierno y una administración.

• La persona es lo único que es sagrado, las técnicas pueden utilizarse o no dependiendo de las circunstancias.

Empresas públicas y su funcionamiento en el mercado

En esta sección, Nicolás explica cómo las empresas públicas surgen por razones de interés general y deben actuar en un régimen de mercado utilizando derecho privado para su operatividad. Deben someterse a las mismas cargas y facultades que tienen las empresas privadas.

Funcionamiento de empresas públicas en el mercado

• Las empresas públicas surgen por razones de interés general.

• Deben actuar en un régimen de mercado utilizando derecho privado para su operatividad.

• Deben someterse a las mismas cargas y facultades que tienen las empresas privadas.

• La entrada en juego del mercado siempre va a tener complicaciones, pero eso no puede ser asumido por la administración pública para poder salvar a su organización económica.

Regulating Public Companies

In this section, the speaker discusses the regulation of public companies in Peru and how it differs from private companies.

The Rule of Legality for Public Companies

• Public companies are regulated by the rule of legality, which is enshrined in Article 45 of the Constitution.

• Public companies can do anything that is not expressly prohibited to achieve their social objectives.

• However, this principle is relative in Peru due to the country's disorderliness.

Applying Private Law to Public Companies

• The use of private law to generate operational efficiency in public companies has become a problem in Peru.

• The Law on State Contracts obliges public companies to participate in tenders and compete with private firms for contracts.

• This puts public companies at a disadvantage because tendering is slow and they need to contract quickly.

A Hybrid System for Public Companies

• To address this issue, some public companies have been exempted from the Law on State Contracts and have created their own hybrid system between private and public law.

• Petroperú has even created an international contract regulation for operating outside Peru's market.

• However, creating a special regime for these companies could prevent politicization and corruption.

Justice Distribution in Contract Formation

• Justice distribution is essential when forming contracts with public participation under principles of equality and free competition.

• Flexibility is necessary for operational efficiency but should not lead to corruption as seen in Brazil.

Imposition of Burdens on Public Companies

In this section, the speaker discusses how public companies can be subject to certain restrictions and burdens imposed by administrative law. These include limitations on their commercial activities and the absence of tax privileges. The speaker also mentions the role of the Comptroller General in controlling public company expenses.

Restrictions on Commercial Activities

• Public companies may face limitations on their commercial activities imposed by administrative law.

• They may only engage in certain types of mercantile activity, especially where competition is insufficient.

• This restriction is necessary but should not be excessive to allow for minimal operational capacity.

Absence of Tax Privileges

• Public companies do not enjoy tax privileges that private companies have.

• This means that they must assume market risks and accept losses as part of their operations.

Role of Comptroller General

• The Comptroller General controls public company expenses.

• However, this control must be based on the dynamics of each public company's operations and risk-taking ability.

Monopolies in Public Companies

In this section, the speaker talks about monopolies in public companies, particularly in Peru's water and sanitation sector. He notes that these monopolies have had poor results despite being essential services for poverty reduction.

Water and Sanitation Sector Monopolies

• Peru's water and sanitation sector is monopolized by public companies such as Sedapal in Lima and municipal water utilities across the country.

• These monopolies have resulted in poor service quality, with millions of people lacking access to clean water.

• The responsibility for providing these services lies with municipal governments.

Impact on Poverty Reduction

• Access to clean water is essential for poverty reduction.

• The poor results of public company monopolies in the water and sanitation sector have hindered poverty reduction efforts in Peru.

Public Companies in Peru

In this section, the speaker provides an overview of public companies in Peru. He notes that there are more public companies than commonly believed, including those that have been privatized but still retain some level of government control.

Number of Public Companies

• There are more public companies in Peru than commonly believed.

• Some public companies have been privatized but still retain government control.

• These include university colleges and other organizations that have been bought by private entities but still operate as public companies under government influence.

Reforma Tributaria y Administrativa

En esta sección, el hablante discute la importancia de una reforma tributaria y administrativa en Perú. El hablante cree que el país es extremadamente rico pero no está utilizando sus recursos para ayudar a los pobres. También menciona que la evasión fiscal es un problema importante en el país.

Importancia de una reforma tributaria

• Solo tres de cada diez peruanos pagan impuestos directos e indirectos.

• La clase media paga la mayoría de los impuestos mientras que los ricos tienen muchas formas de evadirlos.

• Una reforma tributaria debe ir acompañada de una reforma administrativa profunda para hacer algo mucho más importante.

Problemas con la administración pública

• El gobierno debe dejar de hablar sobre reformas y medidas normativas y comenzar a ejercitar su poder.

• La administración pública debe ser sobria y pensar todo el día en cómo ejecutar mejor la ley.

Evasión fiscal

• Muchos empresarios grandes y pequeños utilizan bienes públicos sin pagar impuestos.

• La evasión también ocurre en emprendimientos informales, universidades privadas y empresas públicas que no brindan prestaciones adecuadas.

Privatization: Different Concepts and Meanings

In this section, the speaker discusses the different meanings of privatization and how it can be applied to various sectors.

Privatizing a Sector

• Circumstances or connectors such as economic crises may lead to the need for privatization.

• Even wealthy countries have experienced economic setbacks due to public sectors.

• Privatizing means transferring an originally public activity or sector to private hands.

• There are up to six concepts of what privatizing means, which will imply different terms depending on the sense given to each one.

Transferring Management

• Privatizing can also mean transferring management from public to private hands while maintaining public ownership.

• This is often done through contracts of concession or gerencia (management).

• The company remains publicly owned but is managed by a private individual who transforms its management.

Transforming Legal Forms

• Another meaning of privatizing is transforming a formerly public company into a publicly-owned corporation without any special financing privileges or legal burdens.

• For example, if a president decides that the Bank of the Nation should become a true bank, it would be transformed into a mercantile society.

Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises

This section discusses the different senses of privatization and how they are applied to state-owned enterprises.

Types of Privatization

• The transfer of ownership from the public sector to private hands is the main sense of privatization.

• Transfer of assets involves selling or auctioning off specific assets, such as vehicles or equipment, rather than transferring ownership of the entire enterprise.

• Deregulation involves reducing formal requirements and eliminating administrative barriers to economic freedom.

Real Concept of Privatization

• The only correct sense of privatization when it comes to state-owned enterprises is the transfer of ownership or control from public to private hands.

• In Peru, people often use "privatize" as a catch-all term for all types of privatization, but this is incorrect.

Privatization in Peru

The speaker discusses the different meanings of privatization and how it was implemented in Peru during the 1990s.

Understanding Privatization

• Privatizing can mean eliminating administrative burdens, transferring assets without losing ownership, or disappearing the public company.

• True privatization involves a change in ownership control through transfer of title.

• There is a lot of mythology surrounding privatization in Peru due to the government's actions during the 1990s under Fujimori.

• Fujimori's government privatized many state-owned companies due to high inflation caused by excessive spending on public companies.

• The privatization process in Peru involved two techniques: true privatization through transfer of title and selling assets.

Current State of Privatization in Peru

• Transfer of title has been mostly discarded as a method for privatizing state-owned companies.

• Current methods include deregulation and elimination of unnecessary administrative burdens through INDECOPI and other commissions.

• The legislator still tries to transfer public assets to private hands, but there is no longer a moment for finalizing companies through transfer of title.

Conclusion

• The speaker hopes to give a small seminar on public companies at an event in Portugal.