Insecticide Resistance: Mechanisms and Management

Introduction and Participation Guidelines

The webinar is about insecticide resistance mechanisms and management. Participants are encouraged to ask questions throughout the presentation using the Q&A box or via Twitter with the hashtag PMP webinar questions. Technical difficulties can be reported in the same text box, and a recording of the webinar will be available.

Ways to Participate

• Ask questions using the Q&A box at the bottom left.

• Submit questions via Twitter with the hashtag PMP webinar questions.

• Report technical difficulties in the text box at the bottom left.

Recording and Sharing

• A recording of the webinar will be available tomorrow afternoon at mypmp.net/webinar.

• The on-demand recording will also be emailed to participants when it is available.

• Social media links are provided for sharing the webinar with colleagues who couldn't attend.

Introduction by Moderator

The moderator introduces Marie Knox as the speaker for today's educational webinar on insecticide resistance mechanisms and management.

Introduction by Moderator

• Cali Limpet from North Coast Media welcomes participants to today's webinar sponsored by Control Solutions.

• Participants are reminded to ask questions during the presentation using Q&A or Twitter.

Topic: Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms and Management

Marie Knox begins her presentation on insecticide resistance mechanisms and management, providing an overview of what will be covered.

Presentation Overview

• Marie Knox thanks Pest Management Professional (PMP) for inviting her back for another educational webinar on insecticide resistance mechanisms and management.

• The presentation will cover the basics of insecticide resistance, how it develops, and steps to slow, delay, or rectify it.

• Several facets of resistance will be discussed, including what it is, how it occurs, types of resistance, and management strategies.

Insecticide Resistance Definition

Marie Knox explains the definition of insecticide resistance and its impact on pest control.

Insecticide Resistance Definition

• Insecticide resistance refers to a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that leads to repeated failure in achieving expected control levels with a specific product.

• It is an inherited genetic trait that develops over time due to overuse or misuse of insecticides against pest species.

Causes and Occurrence of Resistance

Marie Knox discusses the causes and occurrence of insecticide resistance.

Causes and Occurrence

• Insecticide resistance arises through the overuse or misuse of insecticides against pest species.

• Misuse includes using sub-effective rates or "sprinkling" instead of applying the full dose.

• Overuse or misuse leads to the selection of resistant forms of pests and the evolution of populations resistant to specific insecticides.

Mechanism and Development of Resistance

Marie Knox explains how insecticide resistance develops through genetic traits in pest populations.

Mechanism and Development

• Pest populations consist of susceptible individuals (represented by black icons) and resistant individuals (represented by red icons).

• Resistant individuals carry genes that make them less affected by specific active ingredients in insecticides.

• When a treatment is applied, it eliminates susceptible individuals but leaves behind resistant ones.

Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies

Marie Knox introduces management strategies for dealing with insecticide resistance.

Management Strategies

• Using the correct rate of insecticides from the beginning can help combat resistance.

• Math formulas related to rates will be covered to demonstrate their importance in managing resistance.

• Online resources provided by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) will be discussed as valuable tools.

Conclusion

Marie Knox concludes her presentation on insecticide resistance mechanisms and management.

Key Takeaways

• Insecticide resistance is a heritable change in pest populations that leads to repeated control failures with specific products.

• Overuse or misuse of insecticides selects for resistant forms of pests, resulting in populations resistant to those insecticides.

• Proper management strategies, including using correct rates and utilizing online resources, can help address and mitigate resistance issues.

The transcript ends here, and no further content is available for summarization.

Metabolic Resistance

This section discusses metabolic resistance, which is the most common mechanism of resistance in insects. It involves the detoxification or breakdown of insecticides inside an insect's body.

Metabolic Resistance

• Insects with metabolic resistance have a better metabolism than susceptible insects.

• They can detoxify or metabolize the toxin faster, preventing it from affecting them.

• This resistance is often passed on genetically to offspring or developed over time due to repeated exposure to the same active ingredient.

• Resistant strains may possess higher levels or more efficient forms of enzymes that break down insecticides.

• These enzyme systems can also degrade multiple types of insecticides, making control more challenging.

Altered Target Site Resistance

Altered target site resistance is another mechanism of resistance in insects. It involves modifications to the site where toxins usually bind, reducing the effectiveness of insecticides.

Altered Target Site Resistance

• Insecticides that work by binding to specific sites on nerves can be affected by altered target site resistance.

• Repeated use of the same active ingredient can lead to modifications or alterations in the binding site.

• This reduces the effectiveness of the insecticide and its ability to facilitate nerve movement.

• Altered target site resistance is the second most common mechanism of resistance.

The transcript continues with further sections on behavioral resistance and penetration resistance, but they are not included here as per your request.

New Section

This section discusses the mechanism of resistance in insects to various classes of insecticides.

Mechanism of Resistance

• Insects can develop resistance to different classes of insecticides, such as organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids.

• Some insects may stop feeding when they encounter certain insecticides, regardless of whether they are repellent or non-repellent. They may also leave the treated area or move deeper into the crop canopy.

• The phenomenon of resistance is passed down from generation to generation.

New Section

This section introduces the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) and its online resources.

Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)

• The IRAC is an organization that provides valuable information on insecticide resistance management.

• Their website offers free resources that can be used for training programs and daily use.

• The presenter will share more details about the IRAC's resources later in the presentation.

New Section

This section explains penetration resistance in insects and how it can protect them from a wide range of insecticides.

Penetration Resistance

• Penetration resistance occurs when insects develop barriers on their outer cuticle, slowing down or preventing the absorption of chemicals into their bodies.

• This type of resistance can protect insects from a broad spectrum of insecticides. It often coexists with other forms of resistance and intensifies their effects.

• Insects with a thick cuticle have better protection against multiple types of insecticides.

New Section

This section discusses the principles of insecticide resistance management.

Principles of Resistance Management

• The goal of resistance management is to minimize the selection for resistance and prevent its transmission to future generations.

• Understanding the mode of action of insecticides is crucial for effective resistance management. Insecticides are grouped based on their similarity in mode of action.

• Resistance management involves rotating different compounds with distinct modes of action, rather than simply switching between brand names or active ingredients.

New Section

This section emphasizes the importance of preventing or delaying the development of resistance through effective resistance management strategies.

Objectives of Resistance Management

• Resistance management aims to prevent or delay the development of resistance to specific insecticides or classes.

• It also focuses on minimizing the ability of populations to pass on resistant traits to their offspring.

• Effective resistance management requires an understanding of insecticides and their mode of action, but there are tools and tips available to simplify this process.

Resistance Management Strategies

The speaker discusses the importance of managing resistance in insects and maintaining the efficacy of insecticides. They emphasize the need to be proactive in preventing or delaying resistance by practicing different strategies.

Principles of Resistance Management

• Moderation: Limiting the number of applications and preserving susceptible genes.

• Using different products or considering biological and mechanical controls instead of relying on one product repeatedly.

• Using the correct rate from the beginning to effectively control the population.

• Saturation: Saturating the insects' defenses with on-target dosages high enough to overcome resistance.

• Reading label directions carefully to determine effective rates for specific target pests.

• Utilizing different formulations, such as microencapsulated products or baits, to enhance effectiveness.

• Alternation: Rotating between different modes of action (how insecticides work in insects).

• Having a variety of active ingredients available for rotation, including both new and older molecules.

• Maintaining a diverse toolbox to make rotation easier and delay/prevent resistance.

Importance of Resistance Management

• Ensuring that all available insecticides remain effective tools for pest control.

• Avoiding reliance on only one or two products, which can lead to limited options in case of resistance development.

• Preserving the efficacy of valuable insecticides by implementing proactive strategies.

Alternations and Sequences of Modes of Action

The speaker explains how alternation or sequencing different modes of action can help delay or prevent resistance. They introduce principles and strategies related to mode of action rotations.

Principles of Mode of Action Rotation

• Understanding how different insecticides work (mode of action) is crucial for effective rotation.

• Implementing various strategies based on mode of action rotations can help delay or prevent resistance.

Strategies for Mode of Action Rotation

• Alternation: Rotating between different modes of action to target pests.

• Using insecticides with different modes of action in a sequence or alternating pattern.

• Ensuring that each mode of action is effective against the specific pest being targeted.

• Sequence: Applying insecticides with different modes of action in a specific order.

• Following a predetermined sequence to maximize effectiveness and minimize resistance development.

Importance of Correct Rate and Formulations

The speaker emphasizes the importance of using the correct rate from the beginning and utilizing different formulations to enhance saturation and efficacy. They also discuss how label directions provide guidance on rates for specific target pests.

Importance of Correct Rate

• Using the correct rate from the beginning is crucial for effective control and resistance management.

• Incorrect rates may result in inadequate control or unintentional selection pressure on resistant individuals.

Utilizing Different Formulations

• Saturation involves not only maximizing dosage but also considering various aspects of how an insecticide works.

• Different formulations, such as microencapsulated products or baits, can enhance saturation and effectiveness.

Reading Label Directions

• Label directions provide important information about rates for specific target pests.

• It is essential to read through the label thoroughly to determine the appropriate rate for effective control.

The transcript provided does not cover any further sections beyond this point.

New Section

The speaker discusses the concept of combination chemistry and its importance in insect population control. Combination chemistry involves using mixtures and rotations of products with different active ingredients to target insects more effectively.

Importance of Combination Chemistry

• Combination chemistry refers to overwhelming an insect population through multi-site multi-directional selections.

• It involves using mixtures and rotations of products with different active ingredients.

• Products on the shelves now contain multiple active ingredients that offer different modes of action within one product.

• Combination chemistry is considered a great resistance management tool by industry experts.

New Section

The speaker delves deeper into the concepts of mode of action, target site resistance, cross-resistance, and resistance management.

Resistance and Cross-resistance

• Resistance renders an insecticide ineffective against a selecting insect.

• Resistance often confers cross-resistance to other chemically related compounds.

• Compounds within the same chemical group usually share a common target site and mode of action.

• It is common for resistance to develop based on genetic modifications of a target site.

• Cross-resistance can occur within chemically related insecticides or within the same group based on mode of action classification.

Mode of Action Classification

• Mode of action classification helps in understanding how different compounds work against insects.

• Constant use of insecticides from one group increases the risk of rapid buildup of resistance.

• Alternating use of chemical groups with different modes of actions slows down the development of resistance.

New Section

The speaker emphasizes the need to switch modes of action rather than just active ingredients for effective resistance management. They introduce the concept of groups on labels as a tool for rotational programs.

Rotational Programs and Mode Switching

• True rotation involves rotating products based on how they work in the insect, not just different brand names or bottles.

• Active ingredients have specific modes of action that need to be rotated.

• The group number on labels helps in identifying different chemical groups and selecting rotational products.

New Section

The speaker discusses the appearance of group numbers on labels and their role in choosing products for rotational programs.

Group Numbers on Labels

• Group numbers have appeared on many labels to aid in selecting products for rotational programs.

• They help identify the chemical group to which an insecticide belongs.

• Group numbers simplify the process of choosing products with different modes of actions for resistance management.

New Section

In this section, the speaker discusses the categorization of insecticides based on their mode of action and target sites.

Categorizing Insecticides

• The speaker uses an analogy of bottles on a shelf to explain how insecticides are categorized into groups.

• There are different groups of insecticides, and some may belong to the same target box.

• The speaker refers to a mode of action poster from the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) to count the number of groups listed under nerve and muscle target sections.

• The poster can be accessed on the IRAC website for further reference.

New Section

This section continues discussing the categorization of insecticides based on their mode of action and target sites.

Mode of Action Poster

• The general mode of action poster from IRAC categorizes insecticides into different groups and further classifies them into specific target boxes.

• The poster includes categories such as nerve and muscle targets, growth and development targets, and respiration targets.

• Each group represents a specific body system or function targeted by the insecticide.

New Section

This section emphasizes the importance of rotating insecticide groups and using combination chemistry for resistance management.

Rotating Groups and Combination Chemistry

• Rotating insecticide groups is crucial for managing resistance in insects.

• Combination chemistry involves mixing active ingredients with different modes of actions or target sites.

• Combination products are leading the way in resistance management.

• CSI focuses on developing mixtures of actives with differing modes of actions and target sites to create effective solutions for customers.

New Section

This section highlights the significance of accurate calculations in pesticide application rates for resistance management.

Importance of Calculations

• Using the correct amount or rate of pesticide is essential for managing or preventing resistance.

• Accurate calculations minimize the potential for damage to personal property and the environment.

• It maximizes return on investment and lowers the risk of resistance development.

New Section

This section discusses CSI's approach to product development and their focus on mixtures of actives with different modes of actions and target sites.

CSI's Product Development Approach

• CSI believes in combining old active ingredients with new proprietary ones to create effective solutions.

• The focus is on mixtures of actives with differing modes of actions and target sites.

• The goal is to prevent and manage resistant populations, especially in terms of resistance management.

Calculating Area and Rates for Lawn and Pest Control Products

In this section, the speaker discusses the importance of calculating area and understanding rates for lawn and pest control products. The rates are stated per thousand square feet, and it is crucial to know how much concentrate to use based on the given area.

Understanding Area Calculation

• The rates for lawn and pest control products are stated per thousand square feet.

• For example, if it says one ounce in a gallon of water, it means that one ounce of concentrate should be spread out over 1,000 square feet.

• Perimeter pest applications often require measuring linear footage around a house to determine the amount of concentrate needed.

• It is important to ensure that the proper amount of concentrate is used for the specified area.

Calculating Area for Different Shapes

• Square: The area of a square or rectangle can be calculated by multiplying its length by its width.

• For example, an 80-foot long and 60-foot wide square would have an area of 4,800 square feet.

• Circle: The area of a circle can be calculated using the formula A = πr^2 (pi times radius squared).

• Triangle: The area of a triangle can be calculated using the formula A = (base x height) / 2.

• Irregular Shapes: Irregular shapes can be divided into representative shapes such as triangles, rectangles, or circles. Calculate the area for each shape separately and add them together to get the overall area.

Determining Amounts for Tank Mixes

• To determine how much pesticide or fertilizer is needed for a job, calculate the size of the area to be treated first.

• Consider how many thousands of square feet your tank will cover.

• Work backwards from there to determine how much product should be added to your tank mix.

Importance of Rates and Concentrate Amounts

• Rates for lawn and pest control products are based on the active ingredient or amount of concentrate per thousand square feet, regardless of the volume of water used.

• It is crucial to follow the recommended rates as newer chemicals are more specific and require accurate dosing.

• Understanding rates helps ensure that the proper amount of chemistry is applied to achieve desired results.

Determining Gallons Applied

• To determine how many gallons of finished mix should be applied, consider the size of the structure and the width of the band being sprayed.

• Calculate based on linear footage and average structure size.

Conclusion

In this section, the speaker concludes by emphasizing the importance of calculating area accurately and understanding rates for lawn and pest control products. Proper calculations help ensure effective treatment and optimal use of chemicals.

• Accurate calculation of area is essential for determining appropriate product amounts for lawn and pest control treatments.

• Understanding rates per thousand square feet helps in achieving desired results with precise dosing.

• Calculating area for different shapes such as squares, circles, triangles, or irregular shapes requires using specific formulas.

• By considering area measurements, one can determine how much product should be added to tank mixes.

• Following recommended rates ensures that newer chemicals are used effectively and efficiently.

• Calculating gallons applied based on structure size helps in determining proper application amounts.

Timestamps have been provided throughout the summary to facilitate easy navigation through the transcript.

Determining Product Amount for Square Footage

In this section, the speaker explains how to calculate the amount of product needed for a specific square footage.

Calculating Product Amount for Square Footage

• To determine the amount of product needed for a certain square footage, use the rate of half an ounce per thousand square feet.

• For example, if you have 2,000 square feet to treat, you would need one ounce of product (since 2,000 divided by 1,000 is 2).

• The calculation is based on the assumption that five gallons of finished mix are used on 2,000 square feet.

• It's important to consider that different technicians may use varying amounts of finished solution on the same area.

• Calibration and bucket tests can help determine the exact amount of product needed based on individual equipment and application rates.

Determining Active Ingredient Content in Finished Dilution

This section focuses on calculating the active ingredient content in a finished dilution.

Formula for Active Ingredient Content Calculation

• The formula for determining active ingredient content is found on the product label.

• It involves multiplying the percentage of active ingredient in the concentrate by the number of ounces of concentrate used in the tank.

• This result is then divided by the gallons of finish spray mix and multiplied by 128 (the number of ounces in a gallon).

• For example, if a concentrate has 7.9% active ingredient and you put 25 ounces in a 50-gallon tank:

• Calculation: (7.9% x 25) / (50 x 128)

• Result: 0.03% active ingredient in that dilution

• Some labels may provide information about finished dilution percentage directly, while others require manual calculation.

Finding the Math Formula for Active Ingredient Content

The speaker explains where to find the math formula for determining active ingredient content on product labels.

Locating the Math Formula

• The math formula for determining active ingredient content is usually printed on the product label.

• For example, it can be found on the Bison IT label or other similar products.

• If unsure about where to find the formula, refer to the specific product's label or website.

• Field technicians often share labels with others and walk them through the calculator when needed.

Example Calculation with Taurus FC

This section provides an example calculation of active ingredient content using Taurus FC as an example.

Example Calculation with Taurus FC

• On the Taurus FC label, it states that fipronil concentration is 9.1%.

• The recommended usage rate is 0.8 ounces per gallon.

• Assuming one gallon of finished mix:

• Calculation: (9.1% x 0.8) / (128)

• Result: 0.056875%, which rounds up to 0.06%

• Some labels may already provide information about finished dilution percentage, while others require manual calculation.

The transcript was in English, so I have provided my response in English as well.

Math and Online Resources

In this section, the speaker discusses the importance of math in ensuring accurate rates. They also introduce an online resource called WWI RAC - online dot org, which provides educational materials on resistance and resistance management.

Importance of Math in Pest Management

• Math is crucial for determining the correct rate from the beginning.

• The speaker encourages asking questions about math and offers assistance through live sessions or email.

Introduction to WWI RAC - Online Resource

• WWI RAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) is a specialist technical group formed in 1984.

• It operates as a part of Croplife, an industry association.

• The committee aims to prevent or delay the development of resistance in insects and mites.

• Several member companies contribute their knowledge and time to this committee.

Features of WWI RAC - Online Resource

• The website offers various resources for educating growers and pest management professionals on resistance management.

• Available resources include posters, publications, videos, presentations, and powerpoints.

• All materials can be viewed and downloaded for free but should be used only for educational purposes.

• The website provides resources in multiple languages to cater to an international audience.

Online Resources: Posters

This section focuses on the posters available on Iraq - online dot org. These posters cover topics such as general mode of action, bedbugs, and cockroaches. They provide valuable information for pest management professionals.

General Mode of Action Poster

• The general mode of action poster explains how different insecticides work against pests.

• It is available in multiple languages like Spanish, French, Italian, etc., reflecting its international focus.

Bedbug Poster

• The bedbug poster contains detailed information about bedbugs' appearance, medical impact, signs of infestation, and where to look for them.

• It also lists insecticides suitable for bed bug control and discusses different application methods.

Cockroach Poster

• The cockroach poster provides useful information about cockroaches, including their appearance, behavior, and habitats.

• It includes insecticides suitable for cockroach control but should not be distributed to homeowners due to the need for proper training.

Conclusion

The speaker concludes the presentation by expressing gratitude for the attendees' time and support. They emphasize the importance of sharing knowledge with customers to establish expertise in pest management.

Importance of Knowledge Sharing

• Educating customers helps establish oneself as an expert in pest management.

• Pest management professionals should review online resources before sharing them with homeowners.

• Sharing accurate information benefits both the professional and the customer.

The transcript does not provide any additional sections or timestamps beyond this point.

Rotating Modes of Action and Formulations for Pest Control

In this section, the speaker discusses the importance of rotating modes of action and formulations in pest control to prevent resistance. Different formulations such as liquids, baits, and dust can be used in a multi-pronged approach.

Importance of Rotating Modes of Action and Formulations

• It is crucial to rotate modes of action and formulations in pest control.

• Bedbugs and roaches are fast breeders that have a high incidence of resistance.

• By rotating modes of action, you can delay or prevent resistance from developing.

• Consider using different formulations such as liquids, baits, and dust to enhance your pest control program.

Different Formulations for Pest Control

• Liquids come in various formulations such as liquid concentrates (EC), water-based suspended concentrates (SPS), and microencapsulated formulations.

• Shake water-based suspended concentrates (SPS) as the active ingredient particles may settle over time.

• Baits are another effective formulation for pest control.

• Dust can also be used as part of a multi-pronged approach.

Measuring Aerosol Sprays

This section focuses on measuring aerosol sprays for effective application. The rate is calculated based on the number of seconds it takes to cover a specific distance. Aerosols are ready-to-use formulations with a predetermined percentage of active ingredients.

Measuring Aerosol Sprays

• The rate for aerosol sprays is typically measured by the number of seconds it takes to cover 3 linear feet.

• The general guideline is approximately 1 second per 3 feet or 3 feet per second.

• Aerosols are considered ready-to-use formulations with a predetermined percentage of active ingredients listed on their label.

• List the percentages from the label on your paperwork for aerosol applications.

Resistance and Tank Mix Rotation for General Pests

This section addresses resistance issues in general pests other than bed bugs and German cockroaches. It also discusses the benefits of rotating tank mix for monthly commercial accounts targeting seasonal outdoor bugs.

Resistance in General Pests

• Fast breeders like flies, mosquitoes, bed bugs, and German cockroaches tend to develop resistance.

• For other general pests such as spiders, ants, and larger roaches with slower life cycles, resistance is less common or not a significant concern.

• Social insects like ants and termites have longer life cycles and are less prone to resistance.

Tank Mix Rotation for Commercial Accounts

• Rotating tank mix can be beneficial depending on the target pest.

• For larger roaches, spiders, and ants, rotating tank mix is recommended to ensure different modes of action are used.

• However, resistance issues are generally rare for these pests.

The transcript does not provide timestamps beyond 1:09:56 .

Questions and Wrap-up

In this section, the speaker mentions that there are more questions to address but due to time constraints, they need to wrap up the webinar. However, they assure the audience that unanswered questions can still be answered later.

Wrap-up and Technical Information

• Marie thanks everyone for attending the webinar and acknowledges it as an educational session.

• Kelly takes over and expresses gratitude towards Marie for making math understandable.

• Kelly informs the audience that if they want to download the slides, they can click on the green folder icon.

Conclusion

This section concludes the webinar and provides some final remarks.

• The speaker thanks Marie again for her excellent presentation.

• The speaker expresses appreciation to all attendees for participating in the webinar.