La Convention des Nations-Unies sur le Droit de la Mer

Introduction to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Overview of Maritime Law Development

• The discussion begins with an introduction to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, highlighting its significance in maritime law.

• The evolution of maritime law is traced back to ancient times, significantly influenced by European navigation advancements and global exploration.

• A notable historical debate occurred in the 17th century between Hugo Grotius, who advocated for freedom of the seas, and John Selden, who had opposing views.

Key Historical Context

• The first UN Conference on the Law of the Sea was held in 1958, resulting in four Geneva Conventions addressing various aspects such as territorial waters and high seas.

• The second conference in 1960 established a limit of 12 nautical miles for territorial waters.

• The third conference took place in 1973, culminating in a vote favoring a comprehensive framework for maritime governance.

Adoption and Significance of UNCLOS

• On April 30, 1982, at a conference in New York, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was adopted and later signed in Jamaica.

• Initially signed by 117 countries including major powers like USSR and France; however, it is noted that the USA has not ratified it despite adhering to its principles.

Framework Established by UNCLOS

• UNCLOS provides a regulatory framework governing ocean use, addressing sovereignty issues and user rights within maritime zones.

• It aims to ensure equitable resource utilization while promoting marine conservation and environmental protection.