Cellular Standards - CompTIA A+ 220-1101 - 1.4

Introduction to Cellular Networks

This section provides an introduction to cellular networks, including the concept of cells and antennas.

Cellular Network Basics

• Cellular networks are used for mobile communication and rely on a cellular network infrastructure.

• The term "cellular" refers to dividing the geography into sections or cells, with antennas placed at the edges of these cells.

• Mobile phones, also known as cell phones, use cellular networks for connectivity.

2G Networks: GSM and CDMA

• 2G networks were the original cellular networks and consisted of two global standards: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).

• GSM was widely adopted, especially in Europe, and allowed for coverage across different countries.

• Common GSM networks in the United States were AT&T and T-Mobile.

• CDMA was commonly used by Verizon and Sprint in the United States but had limited popularity globally.

Evolution to 3G Technologies

• 3G technologies were introduced in 1998 as a third generation of mobile communication standards.

• These technologies provided enhanced data capabilities compared to 2G networks.

• Speeds on 3G networks reached several megabits per second.

Introduction of LTE (4G)

• LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a converged standard that replaced the separation between GSM and CDMA.

• It increased data throughput up to 150 megabits per second on the best possible mobile connection.

• An upgraded version called LTE Advanced (LTE-A) doubled the throughput on LTE networks up to 300 megabits per second.

Introduction of 5G Networks

• In 2020, fifth-generation (5G) cellular networking was introduced with greatly enhanced speeds.

• Eventually, 5G networks may perform at around 10 gigabits per second.

• These faster speeds enable new capabilities for mobile devices and Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

Benefits of 5G Networks

• With increased speeds, larger file transfers and improved application capabilities are possible.

• IoT devices can benefit from the higher bandwidth and speeds offered by 5G networks.

• Mobile device updates, such as Preferred Roaming List (PRL) updates, can be performed over-the-air.

Conclusion

This section concludes the discussion on cellular networks and highlights the benefits of newer generations like LTE and 5G.

Summary

• Cellular networks have evolved from 2G to 3G, LTE (4G), and now 5G.

• Each generation introduced enhanced data capabilities and faster speeds.

• LTE provided a converged standard, while 5G offers greatly enhanced speeds up to 10 gigabits per second.

Benefits of Newer Generations

• Newer generations like LTE and 5G enable larger file transfers, improved application capabilities, and increased IoT device connectivity.

• The introduction of LTE allowed for a unified standard across different network providers.

• The rollout of 5G networks promises even faster speeds that can revolutionize mobile communication.

Using Your Phone as a Wi-Fi Hotspot

This section discusses how to use your phone as a Wi-Fi hotspot and the limitations that may be imposed by your provider.

Phone Hotspot Capabilities

• Your phone can be turned into a Wi-Fi hotspot, allowing other devices in the area to connect to the internet using your cellular network.

• The connectivity is provided through 802.11 communication.

• However, it's important to note that your provider may limit the capabilities of your phone's hotspot feature.

Provider Limitations

• Some providers may impose additional charges for using your phone as a hotspot.

• These limitations can vary depending on the specific provider and plan you have.

• It's advisable to check with your provider regarding any restrictions or charges associated with using your phone as a Wi-Fi hotspot.

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