O teste de Turing: Um computador pode se passar por um ser humano? – Alex Gendler
What is Consciousness and the Turing Test?
Introduction to Consciousness and AI
- The concept of consciousness raises fundamental questions about artificial intelligence, such as whether machines can think or if the mind is merely a product of neural activity.
- Alan Turing shifted the focus from these philosophical inquiries to a practical question: Can a computer converse like a human?
The Turing Test Explained
- In his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," Turing introduced the Turing Test, where a human judge engages in text conversations with unseen participants to evaluate their responses.
- A computer passes the test if it can convincingly replace one participant without altering the conversation's outcome.
Predictions and Early Programs
- Turing predicted that by 2000, machines with 100 megabytes of memory would easily pass his test; however, this has not been realized despite advancements in technology.
- The early program ELIZA successfully mimicked a psychologist using simple scripts, misleading many into believing they were conversing with an intelligent being.
Limitations of Early AI Programs
- Another program, PARRY, simulated a paranoid schizophrenic but highlighted weaknesses in attributing intelligence based on conversational ability alone.
- Annual competitions like the Loebner Prize formalized testing but revealed that many chatbots still relied on strategies similar to those used by ELIZA and PARRY.
Notable Winners and Their Strategies
- The 1997 winner Catherine could engage intelligently but only within specific topics (e.g., Bill Clinton), while Eugene Goostman’s persona as a Ukrainian boy helped mask its limitations.
- Cleverbot utilized statistical analysis of real conversations for responses but struggled with consistency and new topics, revealing gaps in true conversational understanding.
Complexity of Human Language
- Despite advancements allowing computers to perform complex tasks (like piloting spacecraft), they still struggle with basic small talk due to the intricacies of human language.
- Simple conversational elements (e.g., pauses or ambiguous questions) often confuse chatbots, demonstrating that language cannot be fully captured by algorithms.