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Regulación de la gluconeogénesis [Hormonal y alostérica]
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Regulación de la gluconeogénesis [Hormonal y alostérica]

Gluconeogenesis: Hormonal Regulation and Enzyme Activity

Overview of Gluconeogenesis

  • Gluconeogenesis is the process of forming glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates, particularly during prolonged fasting, vigorous exercise, or stress.
  • Various hormones are released to promote gluconeogenesis, including glucagon (from pancreatic alpha cells), epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine, which are linked to the fight-or-flight response.

Hormonal Influences on Gluconeogenesis

  • Cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone released by adrenal glands during stress, also promotes gluconeogenesis.
  • Insulin acts as the primary inhibitor of gluconeogenesis enzymes to prevent excessive glucose release into the bloodstream after food intake.

Regulatory Mechanisms in Enzyme Activity

  • Positive regulators enhance enzyme activity while negative regulators decrease it. This balance is crucial for metabolic control.

Key Enzymes and Their Regulators

  • Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate; it is positively regulated by acetyl-CoA and negatively by ADP (indicating low energy).
Playlists: Metabolismo de carbohidratos
Video description

#gluconeogénesis #bioquímica #metabolismo El video explica sobre la regulación positiva y negativa de la gluconeogénesis, un proceso crucial para la homeostasis de glucosa en el cuerpo. ►Datos adicionales: -La metformina es un fármaco hipoglucemiante que sirve para tratar la diabetes tipo 2. Reduce la hiperglucemia predominantemente a través de la supresión de la gluconeogénesis hepática. -Estudios muestran evidencia de que la gluconeogénesis existe también en los astrocitos cerebrales, sin embargo, aún no se encuentran datos convincentes en las neuronas. -En diabetes la velocidad de la gluconeogénesis se incrementa, generando hiperglucemia. -La gluconeogénesis es importante porque elimina el lactato producido por los músculos y los eritrocitos. Además, el glicerol que se generó en el tejido adiposo es aprovechado en la GN. ►Fuentes utilizadas para la elaboración del video: -Wolf P, et al. Gluconeogenesis, But Not Glycogenolysis, Contributes to the Increase in Endogenous Glucose Production by SGLT-2 Inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(2):541-548. Disponible en: https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/44/2/541/35514/Gluconeogenesis-But-Not-Glycogenolysis-Contributes -Vega RB, et al. A Metabolomic Signature of Glucagon Action in Healthy Individuals With Overweight/Obesity. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2021. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8317630/ -Melkonian EA, et al. Physiology, Gluconeogenesis. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541119/ -LaMoia TE, Shulman GI. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action. Endocr Rev. 2021;42(1):77-96. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/42/1/77/5902802 -Jo JR, et al. Growth hormone promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis by enhancing BTG2-YY1 signaling pathway. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):18999. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98537-0