Introducción al diseño instruccional: conceptos, fases y modelos. Modelo ADDIE y Cómo aplicarlo.

Introduction to Instructional Design

What is Instructional Design?

• The video introduces instructional design as a process for creating effective and engaging learning experiences for students.

• It emphasizes the importance of planning educational units or programs by considering student needs, objectives, content, strategies, and evaluations.

Theoretical Foundations

• Instructional design can be applied across various educational modalities including in-person, distance, or blended learning.

• Different authors provide definitions:

• Rigeloo (1983): Focuses on optimal teaching methods to promote skill and knowledge changes.

• Mary Lee & Jones (1990): Highlights environmental situations that encourage student interaction with the teaching system.

Phases of Instructional Design

Key Phases Explained

Analysis Phase

• Identify student characteristics, learning needs, prior knowledge, expectations, and define learning objectives along with evaluation criteria.

Design Phase

• Select and organize content logically; choose appropriate teaching strategies (expository, interrogative, collaborative); select supporting resources like texts and videos.

Development Phase

• Create clear and engaging instructional materials aligned with previously defined objectives and strategies.

Implementation Phase

• Execute the educational program while adapting to unforeseen circumstances; engage students actively in their learning process.

Evaluation Phase

• Collect data on program outcomes using designed assessment tools; gather feedback from students regarding satisfaction with the unit or program.

Feedback and Improvement

Importance of Feedback

• Analyze collected information to identify strengths and areas for improvement in the instructional unit; reflect on successes and challenges for future enhancements.

Popular Models of Instructional Design

Overview of Models

• The video will focus on four well-known models:

Instructional Design Models and Theories

Overview of Instructional Design Models

• The instructional design process should be planned from start to finish; however, it can become overly linear and rigid. Merry's instructional principles focus on course design and learning methods that facilitate the acquisition of complex knowledge through four phases: activation, demonstration, application, and integration.

• A significant advantage of Merry's model is its promotion of meaningful learning aimed at solving real-world problems. However, it requires a high level of expertise from the instructional designer.

Dick and Carey Model

• The Dick and Carey model is goal-oriented, focusing on expected learning outcomes. It consists of nine phases: identifying instructional goals, analyzing learner performance, analyzing content, formulating specific learning objectives, designing instructional strategies, developing/selecting instructional materials, designing formative evaluations, conducting formative reviews, and designing/summing up summative evaluations.

• This model offers detailed guidance for each step in the process but can be overly complex and costly.

Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction

• Gagne’s model is based on information processing theory and proposes a logical sequence for organizing inductive activities. It includes nine events: gaining attention, informing learners of objectives, stimulating recall of prior knowledge, presenting stimulating material, providing guidance for learning, eliciting performance (practice), providing feedback, assessing performance (evaluation), enhancing retention and transfer.

• While this model facilitates cognitive learning by activating appropriate mental processes, it may be insufficient for affective or social learning.

Choosing the Right Model

• Each instructional model has strengths and weaknesses; thus there isn't a one-size-fits-all answer regarding which is best. The choice depends heavily on content type, target audience context, and available resources.

• Ideally combining elements from various models according to specific situational characteristics enhances effectiveness in instructional design.

Learning Theories Underpinning Models

Behaviorism

• Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors that are repeated until they become automatic. It examines how external environments shape behavior. Notable behaviorist models include Skinner's operant conditioning or reinforcement-based learning.

Cognitivism

• Cognitivism also observes new behavioral patterns but considers internal mental processes involved in learning such as memory and reasoning. Key cognitivist models include information processing theories by Grands or meaningful learning approaches.

Constructivism

• Constructivism posits that learning is an active process where individuals construct their own knowledge based on prior experiences. It emphasizes motivation and reflection in the learning process with models like Merry’s principles or problem-based learning being prominent examples.

ADDIE Model Explained

Analysis Phase

• In the analysis phase of the ADDIE model (Analysis Design Development Implementation Evaluation), problems or training needs are identified along with defining target audiences and establishing clear educational objectives while determining available resources.

Design Phase

• During the design phase structure/content are created alongside selecting suitable pedagogical strategies/learning activities to meet objectives while defining evaluation criteria/instruments leading to a detailed course outline.

Development Phase

• In development phase actual course creation occurs including adding multimedia elements like images/videos/audios while ensuring content quality through technical testing to ensure proper functionality before launch.

Implementation Phase

Designing Effective Instructional Courses

Course Accessibility and Support

• The course will be uploaded to a virtual platform accessible to all employees, with a link sent via email.

• A tutor or facilitator may be assigned to address any questions or issues that arise during the course development.

Evaluation Phase

• The effectiveness of the course will be assessed through various methods such as surveys, interviews, and statistical analysis.

• Both the process and final product of instructional design will be evaluated, measuring satisfaction, participation, and learning outcomes against initial objectives.

• Suggestions for improvements in future editions of the course will be proposed based on evaluation results.

Tools for Each Phase of Instructional Design

Analysis Phase

• Different tools are utilized in the analysis phase to gather information about needs, objectives, audience, and training concepts (e.g., surveys, interviews).

Design Phase

• In this phase, tools are used to plan structure, content, activities, and evaluations (e.g., mind maps, scripts).

Development Phase

• Tools for creating and editing training materials include text editors and platforms like Moodle or Blackboard.

Implementation Phase

• Various tools facilitate user training dissemination such as email communication, social media platforms, webinars via Zoom or Skype.

Evaluation Phase Tools

• Online tests using Google Forms or SurveyMonkey will collect data on training impact; performance indicators and statistical analysis tools like Excel will also be employed.

Conclusion