FRANCISCO PIZARRO y la Conquista del IMPERIO INCA 🌎 Historia de la CONQUISTA de AMÉRICA ep.8

History of the Inca Empire and Pre-Columbian Cultures

Overview of Pre-Hispanic Andean Cultures

• The narrative begins between 1524 and 1542 AD, focusing on Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Inca Empire.

• A brief summary of pre-Hispanic Andean cultures is provided, starting from around 3000 BC with the Caral culture in present-day Peru, known for its stepped pyramids.

Development of Early Civilizations

• The Valdivia culture in Ecuador is noted as the first to create pottery around 1800 BC.

• By 1200 BC, the Chavín culture emerged in Peru, characterized by social stratification and advancements in ceramics and metallurgy.

Cultural Flourishing and Regional Developments

• The Paracas culture (700 BC) is recognized for its high-quality textiles and mummification practices.

• The Nazca culture is famous for geoglyphs and pyramids, while the Moche society (north coast) was known for its teocratic structure and human sacrifices.

Rise of Powerful Cultures

• Around 500 AD, two militaristic cultures—Tiwanaku and Wari—dominated much of the Andes. Tiwanaku built advanced ceremonial centers at Lake Titicaca.

• Wari expanded along the Peruvian coast, developing terraced agriculture and constructing walled cities.

Collapse and New Developments

• Between 900–1000 AD, a severe drought led to cultural collapse; new smaller regional cultures emerged during this period.

• Notable among these were Chimú (with Chan Chan as capital), Chachapoyas in Amazonia, and various Aymara lordships in Bolivia.

Emergence of the Inca Empire

• The origins of the Incas are uncertain but believed to be linked to Tiahuanaco immigrants who settled in Cusco around 1200 AD.

• Manco Cápac is cited as their legendary founder; by 1350 AD, Sapa Inca (emperor title) was established under Inca Roca’s rule.

Expansion Under Pachacútec

• Pachacútec initiated significant expansion from 1438 onwards; various tribes fell under Incan control including Ayarmacas and Chancas.

Social Structure within the Empire

• Conquered lands became royal property; a labor system called Mita was instituted where conquered peoples worked land for taxes.

• Different classes emerged: mitimaes (deported workers), piñas (slaves), yanaconas (noble servants).

Inca Civilization and the Conquest

Overview of Inca Society and Achievements

• The Incas utilized quipus, a system of knotted strings for record-keeping and communication, showcasing their unique form of writing.

• Cuzco served as the capital city, with Coricancha being the main temple; notable architectural achievements include Sacsayhuamán fortress.

• Under Tupac Yupanqui's rule starting in 1471, the empire expanded into Ecuador and southern regions, including present-day Santiago, Chile.

Key Historical Figures and Events

• Huayna Cápac succeeded Tupac Yupanqui in 1493; he engaged in conflicts against Chachapoyas and tribes in modern Colombia.

• Huáscar inherited the throne from Huayna Cápac in 1525 but faced civil war against his brother Atahualpa from 1529 to 1532.

Arrival of Spanish Conquistadors

• Francisco Pizarro's early expeditions began with Alonso de Ojeda and Núñez de Balboa; they learned about a wealthy kingdom called Virú from natives.

• The term "Peru" originated from this region, although it referred more to areas within Colombia than what is recognized as Peru today.

Initial Expeditions by Pizarro

• Pizarro partnered with Diego de Almagro and Hernando de Luque to explore further south after receiving permission from Pedrarias Dávila.

• Their first expedition in 1524 was disastrous; they encountered hostile natives leading to injuries among the group.

Challenges Faced During Exploration

• A second expedition launched in 1526 aimed at revenge against native attacks but resulted in significant losses due to starvation and disease.

• Tensions arose between Pizarro and Almagro over leadership decisions during hardships; both leaders nearly came to blows before reconciling.

Rescue Attempts and Further Exploration

• A rescue ship sent by Governor Pedro de los Ríos arrived three months later amidst dire conditions for Pizarro’s men.

• Only thirteen men chose to stay behind on Gorgona Island, known as "the famous thirteen," while others returned due to harsh conditions.

The Conquest of Peru: Pizarro's Expeditions

The Initial Agreements and Preparations

• In 1529, the Capitulation of Toledo was signed, granting Pizarro rights to conquer Peru in exchange for recognition as a nobleman. This agreement was unequal, leading to discontent among his partners.

• Almagro became furious upon learning about the terms. Pizarro reassured his partners by promising them power and wealth once they conquered Peru, initiating their third expedition.

The Journey Begins

• On January 20, 1531, Pizarro set sail from Panama with his three brothers—Hernando, Gonzalo, and Juan—who were known for their brashness. Tensions existed between Hernando and Almagro.

• After enduring tropical weather challenges and diseases during their land journey, they discovered local villages with cotton clothing and gold/silver treasures.

Encounters with Local Populations

• The expedition faced an unknown disease that caused severe skin ailments among soldiers; many died from it. They also found a temple filled with human remains.

• Upon reaching the Gulf of Guayaquil, Pizarro intervened in a conflict between local leaders (curacas), securing alliances against the Incas but later learned these alliances were deceptive.

Battles and Alliances

• After capturing Tumalá (a local leader), Pizarro gained control over the island of Puna but faced betrayal when locals killed three Spaniards in Tumbes.

• Reinforcements arrived under Hernando de Soto. During this time, news reached them about a civil war within the Inca Empire between Huáscar and Atahualpa.

Advancing Towards Cajamarca

• By May 1532, conditions changed from tropical to arid as they traveled through Inca supply depots (tambos). They received food peacefully from various towns along their route.

• In Chira Valley, they allied with curaca Maizabilca who mistakenly believed Pizarro was a deity while secretly informing Atahualpa’s forces about Spanish movements.

Arrival at Cajamarca

• Pizarro founded San Miguel de Tangarará (later Piura), marking it as the first Spanish city in Peru. He learned that Atahualpa was nearby in Cajamarca.

• As they approached Cajamarca in November 1532, they encountered devastation left by Atahualpa's forces against non-supportive towns.

The Encounter with Atahualpa

• Upon arriving at Cajamarca where Atahualpa camped with around 50,000 soldiers versus only 200 Spaniards led by Hernando de Soto and Hernando Pizarro.

• A tense initial meeting occurred where arrangements were made for further discussions between Atahualpa and Pizarro after some displays of Spanish culture to impress him.

Conquest of the Inca Empire

Initial Encounter with Atahualpa

• Valverde presented a Bible to Atahualpa, urging him to submit to the King of Spain and Catholic faith. Atahualpa dismissed the Bible disdainfully and threatened violence against the Spaniards.

• The arrival of Spanish cavalry caused panic among the indigenous people, leading to a chaotic escape attempt that resulted in many deaths due to trampling.

Capture of Atahualpa

• The battle led to approximately 2,000 Inca soldiers' deaths while only one horse was lost on the Spanish side. Pizarro captured Atahualpa but allowed him some privileges within his confinement.

• Pizarro dined with Atahualpa regularly, forming a bond that included teaching him chess and dice games. Hernando Pizarro also developed a friendship with Atahualpa.

The Ransom for Freedom

• Recognizing the value of gold and silver to the Spaniards, Atahualpa offered a room full of treasures as ransom, known as "the room of ransom." However, gathering this wealth proved slow.

• To expedite treasure collection, Atahualpa directed Hernando Pizarro to Pachacamac's sanctuary where more gold could be found. This act angered local religious figures who had previously been wronged by Atahualpa.

Shifting Alliances and Conquests

• Following these events, Hernando Pizarro sought submission from other generals loyal to Atahualpa without resistance. A contingent was sent towards Cuzco for further conquest.

• The Spanish forces pillaged temples in Cuzco for gold and freed Huáscar, another Inca leader. However, Huáscar faced betrayal from his own supporters during his journey.

Internal Conflicts Among Conquistadors

• Diego de Almagro arrived at Cajamarca with reinforcements but tensions arose over treasure distribution which strained relations between him and Pizarro.

• Almagro aimed to execute Atahualpa for territorial gains; however, some conquistadors opposed this due to their growing fondness for him.

Execution of Atahualpa

• Francisco Pizarro ultimately decided on executing Atahualpa after sending his brother back to Spain with part of their spoils while dealing with potential threats from rival factions.

• Accusations against Atahualpa included conspiracy and tyranny leading to his execution by garrote in July 1533. His brother Tupac Huilcamayo was installed as a puppet ruler afterward.

Expansion into Inca Territory

• With control established over northern parts of the Inca Empire and support from various allied groups seeking liberation from oppression under Atahualpa’s rule, focus shifted toward capturing Cuzco.

• The Spanish formed alliances with local populations like those in Huamachuco who despised Atahualpa due to past grievances which facilitated their advance through hostile territories.

Final Battles Against Incan Forces

Spanish Conquest and the Rise of Lima

The Settlement of Jauja

• Pizarro established a Spanish settlement in Jauja, attracted by its lush landscape and resources. The phrase "living in the country of Jauja" originated here, symbolizing abundance.

The Death of Toparpa and Succession

• After Toparpa's death, Manco Inca was chosen as the new king by Huascarist nobles. He had survived Atahualpa's massacre in Cuzco and re-emerged with an army.

Battles Against Incan Forces

• Soto engaged Incan troops at Vilcas, achieving a significant victory. However, he later faced traps set by Incas and was saved from being cornered by Almagro.

Execution of General Calcumac

• Pizarro and his allies executed General Calcumac due to suspicions of him leaking information about their movements. His cruelty made him unpopular among native populations.

Alliances with Indigenous Groups

• Manco Inca sought an alliance with Pizarro after suffering past injustices from the Incas. This partnership led to confrontations against general Quisquis near Cuzco.

Control Over Cuzco

• Following victories over Quisquis, Pizarro entered Cuzco, seizing control over palaces and gold reserves. Manco II became a puppet ruler under Spanish influence.

Military Campaigns Continue

• A combined force of Spaniards and 5,000 warriors defeated Quisquis in subsequent battles. By March 1534, Pizarro established the first Cabildo in Cuzco.

Expansion into Ecuador

• Hernando de Soto defeated Quisquis at Maraikaya while Diego de Almagro founded Trujillo on orders from Pizarro along the coast near Chan Chan ruins.

Battle for Quito

• Sebastián de Belalcázar attacked Quito defended by Rumiñahui; Spanish victory was aided by local alliances and a volcanic eruption that demoralized defenders.

Founding Santiago de Quito

• Following their success at Quito, Belalcázar and Almagro founded Santiago de Quito in August 1534, which eventually evolved into modern-day Quito.

Pedro de Alvarado’s Arrival

• Pedro de Alvarado arrived seeking conquest but negotiated with Almagro for gold instead of conflict; this decision proved lucrative for both parties involved.

Final Stages of Conquest

• With key leaders like Quisquis assassinated or captured by 1535, resistance diminished significantly leading to consolidation of Spanish power over Tahuantinsuyo.

Establishment of Colonial Governance

Appointment as Governor

• Francisco Pizarro was named governor over newly conquered territories initially called Nueva Castilla before it became known as Peru.

Capital City Selection

• Lima was chosen as the capital due to its coastal location despite initial considerations for Jauja; it was renamed Ciudad de los Reyes during its establishment.

Construction Projects

• Under Pizarro’s direction, significant structures were built including a royal palace transformed into Peru's government headquarters and a cathedral alongside his marriage to Princess Quispe Sisa.

Conflict Over Cuzco and the Rise of Manco Inca

Tensions in Cuzco

• The conflict over control of Cuzco escalated, leading to potential civil war as factions vied for dominance. Pizarro persuaded Diego to explore southern territories promising wealth, which calmed tensions temporarily.

Expedition to Chile

• In July 1535, Diego prepared an expedition with 500 Spaniards, 100 Africans, and 1,500 Yanaconas aiming for Chile while avoiding the inhospitable Atacama Desert. They traversed the Andes but faced extreme cold and hostility from local Mapuche tribes.

Manco Inca's Rebellion

• The situation in Cuzco deteriorated as the puppet governor rebelled against Spanish rule feeling imprisoned rather than empowered. After being mistreated and arrested, he was freed by Hernando Pizarro but used this opportunity to gather support for a rebellion against the Spanish. Manco managed to assemble between 100,000 and 200,000 soldiers for a siege on Cuzco starting May 1536.

Siege of Cuzco

• The Spanish defenders numbered only about 200 with additional native allies facing overwhelming odds during the siege led by Manco Inca. Despite their efforts to hold out within key buildings, they suffered significant losses as Manco captured strategic locations like Sacsayhuamán. Juan Pizarro attempted a counterattack but was killed during the effort.

Counteroffensive and Civil War Among Spaniards

• As Manco continued his siege efforts, he sent forces to attack Lima where Francisco Pizarro was located; however, these forces were ambushed resulting in heavy casualties among Incas due to defections from other ethnic groups who had suffered under Manco’s campaign. By April 1537, Almagro returned seeking control over Cuzco amidst rising tensions between Spanish factions leading to civil war.

Climax of Conflict: Battle of Las Salinas

• A decisive battle occurred in April 1538 where Almagro's forces faced defeat against Pizarro's faction leading to Almagro's capture and execution shortly thereafter in Cuzco’s main square. This event deeply affected Francisco Pizarro who fell into depression upon learning of his friend’s death while retaliating against Incas through brutal measures including executions of nobles related to Manco Inca.

This structured summary captures key events surrounding the conflict over Cuzco during early colonial times in Peru while providing timestamps for easy reference back to specific moments discussed in detail within the transcript.

History of the Conquest: Almagro and Pizarro Rivalry

The Conflict Between Diego de Alvarado and Hernando Pizarro

• Diego de Alvarado, a relative of Pedro de Alvarado, sought to denounce Pizarro to the crown. The crown sent Cristóbal Vaca de Castro as an arbitrator, but little was resolved.

• Diego challenged Hernando Pizarro to a duel; however, he died mysteriously before the duel, leading to accusations against Hernando for poisoning him.

The Downfall of Francisco Pizarro

• Following their poverty due to the actions of the Pizarros, the Almagrist faction led by Juan de Rada sought revenge and assassinated Francisco Pizarro on June 26, 1541.

• Pizarro was attacked in his residence in Lima with a blow from a vase followed by a stab wound that led to his death.

Manco Inca's Resistance

• Manco Inca had confrontations with Spanish forces but chose to hide in Vilcabamba, which became known as the last refuge of the Incas.

• The Neo-Inca Empire emerged in Vilcabamba in 1537 and lasted for 35 years amidst ongoing conflicts.

Civil War Among Conquistadors

• After Pizarro's death, Almagrist forces raised Diego de Almagro (the younger) as governor and rebelled against Cristóbal Vaca de Castro’s authority.

• A significant battle occurred at Chupas where inexperienced leadership led to a decisive victory for the royalists. Many Almagrist survivors fled to Manco Inca for refuge.

Establishment of New Governance

• Diego de Almagro was captured by royalist forces and executed; he was buried alongside his father in Cuzco.