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Neuralink & Technologies to Enhance Human Brains | Dr. Matthew MacDougall
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Neuralink & Technologies to Enhance Human Brains | Dr. Matthew MacDougall

Introduction

In this section, Andrew Huberman introduces the podcast and his guest, Dr. Matthew McDougall, the head neurosurgeon at Neuralink. He explains that Neuralink's goal is to develop technologies to overcome specific clinical challenges of the brain and nervous system as well as improve upon brain design.

Introduction to Neuralink

  • Dr. Matthew McDougall is introduced as the head neurosurgeon at Neuralink.
  • Andrew Huberman explains that Neuralink aims to develop technologies to overcome specific clinical challenges of the brain and nervous system.
  • Neurosurgeons are referred to as "astronauts of Neuroscience" because they are in a position to discover novel things about how the human brain works by probing and cutting stimulating etc.

Goals of Neuralink

  • The goals of Neuralink include augmenting memory, cognition, improving communication between humans and machines, and making brains work better.
  • The discussion covers where they see the future of augmenting brain function for treating disease and for simply making brains work better.

Neurolink's Approach

  • Neurolink combines existing knowledge from neuroscience with robotics machine learning computer science and development of novel devices in order to change how human brains work for the better.
  • The conversation gets into an extensive discussion about animal versus human research in probing brain function and devising ways to improve it.

Peripheral Nervous System

In this section, Dr. Matthew McDougall explains how he implanted a radio receiver in the periphery of his own body to overcome daily life challenges and demonstrate the powerful utility of combining novel machines with our nervous system.

Implantation of Devices

  • Dr. Matthew McDougall implanted a radio receiver in the periphery of his own body to overcome daily life challenges.
  • He also implanted similar devices in his family members.
  • The conversation covers experiments on implantation of specific devices and attempts to overcome movement disorders such as Parkinson's and other disorders of deep brain function.

Combining Machines with Nervous System

  • The implantation of devices demonstrates the powerful utility of combining novel machines with our nervous system.
  • These experiments are happening now at Neuralink.

Conclusion

In this section, Andrew Huberman concludes the podcast by summarizing what was discussed during the episode.

Summary

  • Dr. Matthew McDougall taught us about human brain function and dysfunction, explaining what past, present, and future brain augmentation is all about.
  • This podcast is part of Andrew Huberman's effort to bring zero cost-to-consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public.

Benefits of Ketone IQ and Levels

In this section, Andrew Huberman talks about the benefits of using Ketone IQ and Levels to improve cognitive function and monitor blood glucose levels.

Ketone IQ

  • People can benefit from increasing their blood ketones by taking HVMN Ketone IQ.
  • Taking Ketone IQ prior to doing focused cognitive work helps improve brain function.
  • Ketones are the brain's preferred use of fuel, even if you're not following a ketogenic diet.
  • To try Ketone IQ, go to hvmn.com/huberman to save 20% off your order.

Levels

  • Levels is a program that lets you see how different foods and activities affect your health by giving you real-time feedback on your diet using a continuous glucose monitor.
  • Understanding how specific routines, food intake patterns, exercise, etc. impact blood sugar levels is important for overall health.
  • Using Levels allows users to assess how their specific routines impact their blood sugar levels.
  • To learn more about Levels and try a continuous glucose monitor yourself, go to levels.link/huberman for an additional two free months of membership.

Custom Nootropics with Thesis

In this section, Andrew Huberman talks about custom nootropics with Thesis and how they can help improve brain function.

Custom Nootropics

  • Thesis makes custom nootropics designed to place your brain and body into a specific state ideal for a particular type of work or physical effort such as creativity or focus.
  • Each formula is designed based on the individual's needs after filling out a brief quiz on their website.
  • Users receive four different formulas in their first month to assess which ones work best for them.
  • To get your own personalized nootropic starter kit, go online to takethesis.com/huberman and use the code huberman at checkout to get 10% off your first box.

Vision of the Brain as an Organ

In this section, Andrew Huberman talks with Dr. Matthew McDougall about his vision of the brain as an organ and what is possible with it.

Brain as an Organ

  • The brain is along with the body, the seat of our cognition, feelings, and ability to move.
  • Surgeons view the world differently than most people because they have the potential to add things into the brain that don't exist there already.
  • Damage to the brain can limit our ability to feel or move in certain ways.
  • There is a lot of potential for what can be done with the brain that most people don't think about.

The Brain as a Collection of Functional Modules

In this section, the speaker discusses how the brain is made up of functional modules that work together and how damage to certain areas can result in interesting failure modes.

Brain Function and Failure Modes

  • The brain is a collection of functional modules pinned together.
  • Damage to certain areas can result in interesting failure modes.
  • Frontal lobe damage can lead to loss of impulse control.
  • Patients with frontal lobe damage may exhibit unreasonable behavior.
  • Any function controlled by the brain can go wrong.

Satisfying Experiences in Neurosurgery

In this section, the speaker talks about some satisfying experiences he has had as a neurosurgeon.

New Techniques in Neurosurgery

  • A newer technique involves using a laser to eliminate tumors deep inside the brain.
  • This technique involves making only a small hole in the skull and leaving almost no visual after-effects.
  • This procedure translates into better clinical outcomes with fewer side effects or collateral damage.

Basic Information About Brain Function

In this section, the speaker discusses what we can learn about normal brain function from studying lesions, strokes, and stimulation.

Insights from Clinical Approaches

  • Studying patients with bilateral frontal damage reveals that frontal lobes normally limit impulsivity.
  • The brain has excitatory and inhibitory neurons that act like accelerators and brakes on behavior.

Benefits of Ketone IQ and Levels

In this section, Dr. Huberman talks about the benefits of using Ketone IQ and Levels to improve cognitive function and monitor blood glucose levels.

Ketone IQ

  • HVMN Ketone IQ increases blood ketones which is beneficial for focused cognitive work.
  • The brain prefers ketones as fuel, making it ideal for high-level cognitive demand.
  • To try Ketone IQ, go to hvmn.com/huberman to save 20% off your order.

Levels

  • Levels is a program that uses continuous glucose monitoring to assess how different foods and activities affect blood glucose levels.
  • It's important for cells in the body, especially those in the nervous system, not to experience hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
  • Users can understand how their specific routines impact their blood sugar levels by tracking food intake patterns, exercise, sleep, alcohol consumption etc.
  • To learn more about Levels and try a continuous glucose monitor yourself, go to levels.link/huberman. Users get an additional two free months of membership.

Custom Nootropics with Thesis

In this section, Dr. Huberman discusses custom nootropics with Thesis that are designed to place your brain and body into a specific state ideal for particular types of work or physical effort.

Custom Nootropics

  • Thesis makes custom nootropics designed for specific types of work or physical effort such as creativity or focus.
  • To get started with personalized nootropic starter kit, go to takethesis.com/huberman and take a three-minute quiz. Use the code huberman at checkout to get 10% off your first box.

Vision of the Brain as an Organ

In this section, Dr. Huberman talks with Dr. Matthew McDougall about his vision of the brain as an organ and what is possible with it.

Brain as an Organ

  • The brain is the seat of cognition, feelings, and movement.
  • Surgeons view the world differently than most people because they have the potential to add things into the brain that don't exist there already.
  • Dr. McDougall shares his thoughts on how he conceptualizes the brain as an organ and what is possible with it.

The Brain as a Collection of Functional Modules

In this section, the speaker discusses how the brain is made up of functional modules that work together. He shares an anecdote about a patient who suffered from frontal lobe damage and had no impulse control.

Brain Malfunctions

  • The brain is a collection of functional modules pinned together in the skull.
  • Any part of the brain can go wrong, leading to malfunctions such as loss of impulse control.
  • Anecdote about a patient with bilateral frontal lobe damage who had no impulse control and made inappropriate comments.

High Stakes and Satisfying Outcomes

  • Working with the brain as a surgeon is high stakes but can lead to satisfying outcomes.
  • Anecdote about Lazarus-like miracles in neurosurgery.

Modern Approaches to Neurosurgery

In this section, the speaker discusses modern approaches to neurosurgery that involve less disruption to normal brain tissue. He describes a technique for removing small tumors deep in the brain using laser heat under MRI visualization.

Minimally Invasive Surgery

  • Traditional surgery for small tumors involved cutting through normal brain tissue.
  • Modern approach involves drilling a small hole in the skull and using laser heat under MRI visualization to remove tumors with minimal disruption to surrounding tissue.
  • This technique has led to better clinical outcomes and has made previously inoperable cases operable.

Insights into Brain Functioning

In this section, the speaker discusses how insights into brain functioning can be gained from clinical approaches such as lesions, strokes, and stimulation. He shares an anecdote about a patient with bilateral frontal damage and discusses the role of the frontal lobes in regulating impulsivity.

Clinical Approaches to Studying Brain Functioning

  • Clinical approaches such as lesions, strokes, and stimulation can provide insights into brain functioning.
  • Anecdote about a patient with bilateral frontal damage who had no impulse control.
  • The frontal lobes play a role in regulating impulsivity through inhibitory neurons.

Brain Plasticity and Neurolink

In this section, the speaker discusses brain plasticity and its potential for improvement with machines. They compare the effectiveness of implanted electrodes and computers to pharmacological agents like psychedelics in increasing plasticity.

Plasticity with Machines vs Drugs

  • Plasticity decreases in older brains, making it harder for them to learn new things or change behavior.
  • Implanting electrodes or computers may not be as effective as drugs like psychedelics in increasing plasticity.
  • Electrical stimulation targets are more focused than drugs that can code the entire surface and depth of the brain.
  • Research on plasticity will bear more fruit when focusing on pharmacologic agents.

Neurolink's Goals

  • Neurolink is developing a neural implant with tiny electrodes smaller than a human hair to be placed throughout a small region of the brain.
  • The first indication they are aiming at is implanting a series of these electrodes to augment the brain or repair things in humans or animals.

Brain Function and Neurons

In this section, the speaker discusses the brain's capability and how it is populated by gut microbiota that communicate with the brain. The speaker also talks about the different parts of the brain and their functions.

Brain Structure

  • The outer portions of the brain consist of neocortex, while underneath reside a lot of the brain structures that control mood hormone output, how awake or asleep the brain is.
  • The deeper parts of the brain tend to be more stereotyped as in more similar between species than the outer surface of the brain.
  • Physical requirements for those outputs are different between a fox and a human being.
  • Elon Musk described it as "the human brain is essentially a monkey brain with a supercomputer placed on the outside."

Neurons

  • There are neurons deep in the hypothalamus that lead to uncontrollable fits of laughter called gelastic seizures.
  • This laughter is so uncontrollable and pervasive that people suffocate from failing to breathe where they laugh until they pass out.
  • It comes from a very small population of neurons deep in the brain.

Athletic Greens for Gut Health

In this section, the speaker talks about athletic greens' benefits for gut health.

Athletic Greens Benefits

  • Athletic greens contain probiotics optimal and vital for microbiotic health.
  • It contains adaptogens, vitamins, and minerals that make sure all foundational nutritional needs are met.
  • It tastes great.
  • You can go to athleticgreens.com/huberman to get five free travel packs and one year's supply of vitamin D3 K2.

Introduction to Pharmacology

In this section, the speaker introduces pharmacology and its relevance.

Pharmacology and You

  • Pharmacology is the study of drugs and how they interact with the body.
  • Understanding pharmacology can help individuals make informed decisions about their health and well-being.

Scientists Experimenting on Themselves

In this section, the speaker discusses the history of scientists experimenting on themselves to gain a better understanding of how intention and awareness of goals can shape outcomes in biology.

Self-Experimentation by Scientists

  • Scientists have a long history of experimenting on themselves to gain insight into how drugs or brain stimulation affects the body.
  • Psychiatrists are known for trying the drugs they administer to patients to understand side effects.
  • The speaker presents a confidence test asking if listeners would be willing to have electrodes implanted into their motor cortex and be part of an experiment that advances technology fastest.

Safety Threshold for Augmenting Biological Functions

In this section, the speaker talks about Neurolink's safety threshold for augmenting biological functions.

Safety Threshold for Augmenting Biological Functions

  • Neurolink has reached a safety threshold that is far beyond commonly accepted safety thresholds.
  • The small lump present in Dr. McDougall's hand is an implant that he put in himself years ago.

Reading and Writing Capabilities

In this section, the speaker talks about the capability of reading and writing.

Reading and Writing

  • The speaker talks about the capability of reading and writing.

EMFs and Bluetooth Headphones

In this section, the speaker discusses electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and Bluetooth headphones.

EMFs and Neural Tissue

  • There is evidence that electromagnetic fields of sufficient strength can alter the function of neural tissue.
  • Neural tissue is electrically signaling among itself.
  • The energy levels involved are tiny, so there is no need to worry about tumor-causing EMF Fields.
  • People are constantly exposed to ionizing radiation from various sources.

Bluetooth Headphones

  • The power level in Bluetooth devices is tiny, so there is no need to worry about EMF Fields.
  • Even if you don't use Bluetooth headphones, you're still getting bombarded with ionizing radiation.
  • Trust that your body has DNA repair mechanisms to deal with constant exposure to ionizing radiation.

Heat Effects

  • Using earbuds generates some heat near the brain.
  • Heat and neural tissue are not friends.
  • It's better to keep your brain cold than hot for healthy cells.

Fluid Cooling System in Body

In this section, the speaker uses cars as an analogy to explain how our body has a fluid cooling system.

Fluid Cooling System in Body

  • Our body has a massive distributed fluid cooling system similar to a car's radiator.
  • Blood carries mostly water, which carries away heat or cold from any area of the body that's focused heating or focused cooling.
  • You can put an ice cube on your skin, and the blood will bring heat back to that area.
  • The sun is a good example of something that contains UV radiation that damages DNA.

InsideTracker and Neuralink

In this section, the speakers discuss InsideTracker's measurement of APO lipoprotein B and its value in determining cardiovascular health. They also talk about some of the ideas that were discussed early on in public discussions about Neuralink, such as electrical stimulation of the hippocampus and the possibility of communicating through implanted chips.

InsideTracker's Measurement of APO Lipoprotein B

  • InsideTracker now includes a measurement of APO lipoprotein B in their ultimate plan.
  • APOB is a key marker of cardiovascular health.
  • Knowing your APOB levels can provide extreme value.

Ideas for Neurolink

  • Early discussions about Neurolink included lofty ideas such as electrical stimulation of the hippocampus to enhance memory abilities.
  • Another idea was to implant chips in people's brains to allow them to hear each other's thoughts without speech.
  • The neural signals that produce speech could be used to communicate with implanted devices, allowing for texting or even speaking thoughts out loud.

Texting with Our Brains

In this section, the speakers continue discussing the possibility of communicating through implanted devices. They explore how it would work and what kind of technology would be required.

Controlling Devices with Our Thoughts

  • Implantable devices could allow us to control keyboards, mice, or even text entire teams simultaneously.
  • Multiple people could hear our thoughts at once if we had an implanted device that allowed us to speak our thoughts out loud.
  • The neural signals that give rise to speech are known, and the technology to transduce sound waves into electrical signals already exists.

Texting with Our Brains

  • We could use implanted devices to text each other silently or out loud.
  • All the pieces required for this technology already exist; it's just a matter of refining it.

Neurolink and Brain-Machine Interfaces

In this section, the speaker discusses the potential of brain-machine interfaces to improve human cognitive abilities and compares them to existing technologies such as canes for blind people and sighted dogs. The role of AI and machine learning in these interfaces is also explored.

Brain-Machine Interfaces vs Existing Technologies

  • High-bandwidth brain-machine interfaces have the potential to act as a semantic prosthetic or AI assistant for cognitive abilities.
  • Canes for blind people translate visual cues into somatosensory cues, allowing them to navigate their environment.
  • Blind people are able to integrate information from their cane with other sensory cues subconsciously.
  • Sighted dogs can cue blind individuals about changes in their environment, including curbs and threats.

Role of AI and Machine Learning

  • Brain-machine interfaces can learn from firing patterns in the brain over time, improving movement accuracy.
  • Software intelligence coupled with human intelligence allows both to learn from each other.
  • Correlating firing patterns with intended movements allows software to focus on meaningful signals towards movement.

Learning through Software

In this section, the speaker discusses how software can help individuals learn and improve their skills by providing feedback.

Using Models to Learn

  • The speaker suggests that software can model a user's intentions and allow them to practice using it.
  • An analogy is made to playing piano with keys that randomly shift over time. With the aid of software, humans can solve this problem and map it well enough to a semi-stable state.
  • The speaker shares an experience with a rowing machine that has a function allowing users to play a game where they generate arrows towards a dartboard. The machine adjusts the trajectory of the arrow based on whether or not the user is generating appropriate forces during each stroke.

Video Games as Training Environments

  • Video games are discussed as an effective training environment for people to get better at controlling things.
  • The speaker mentions playing old video games like Starcraft and Warcraft but also recently played Cyberpunk.
  • Research has shown that video games can make people more proficient at learning and motor execution, visual detection, etc.

Benefits of Playing Video Games

  • Playing video games has been shown to benefit surgeons in their profession.

Overall, the speaker discusses how software and video games can be used as tools for learning and improving skills. They provide feedback that allows users to adjust their actions accordingly.

Neuralink's Animal Care

In this section, Matt and Elon discuss the humane treatment of animals in Neuralink's research.

Humane Treatment of Animals

  • Neuralink goes much farther than any other organization to give animals agency in every aspect of research.
  • No animal is ever compelled to participate in experiments beyond the surgery itself.
  • Animals play video games during which neural signals are measured from the brain because they have electrodes implanted in their brain through a painless surgery.
  • Animals are never water deprived or forced to work for their daily ration of water. They have free and full access to food at all times.
  • Depriving animals of something they yearn for is an efficient way to motivate them, but Neuralink does not do that. The only thing that would motivate them is if they want a treat extra to their normal rations.
  • Pigs are used as a biological platform with a skull that's close enough in size and shape to humans. They don't necessarily need them to be smart or task performers.

Innovations in Animal Care

  • The Animal Care team has been able to move in the direction of humane treatment of animals, which is an underappreciated innovation out of Neuralink.

Neuralink: Merging Man and Machine

In this section, the speaker discusses how monkeys are used to ensure that the signals received from Neuralink's device are validated on a functional level before being tested on humans. The speaker also talks about the limitations of the human skull and how it can be improved.

Monkeys as Test Subjects

  • Monkeys are used to ensure that signals received from Neuralink's device are validated on a functional level before being tested on humans.
  • Drilling through the skull with a two-millimeter hole is necessary for implanting the device, but it must be done by a neurosurgeon under appropriate conditions to limit infection.

Limitations of Human Skull

  • The human skull is not an ideal biological adaptation for protecting the brain.
  • The temporal region of the skull has thin bone and one of the largest arteries leading to the lining of the brain attached to its inside. This makes it vulnerable to fracture, which can lead to fatal blood clots.
  • Despite some flaws in design, such as thin bones in certain areas, there are protective features like fluid sheath around the brain that prevent traumatic brain injury.

Improving Skull Design

  • A titanium plate would be a better adaptation than a skull for protecting against traumatic brain injury.
  • Given all possible architectures that can arise from development, human anatomy's architecture is not bad in terms of general impact resistance.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

In this section, the speaker discusses how most TBIs occur due to accidents or work-related incidents rather than sports. The speaker also talks about the importance of helmets in preventing TBIs and how they can be improved.

Causes of TBI

  • Most TBIs occur due to accidents or work-related incidents, not just sports like football and hockey.
  • Helmets are important for preventing TBIs, but they need improvement.

Improving Helmet Design

  • Helmets should be designed to protect against all types of impacts, not just linear ones.
  • Helmets should have a fluid layer that mimics the fluid sheath around the brain to absorb shock and prevent injury.
  • Helmets should be customized for each individual's head shape and size to provide optimal protection.

Brain Augmentation and Machine Interface

In this section, Elon Musk discusses the potential of brain augmentation and machine interface. He talks about how humans can gain control over malfunctions of the brain and expand human cognition into AI.

Possibilities with Brain Augmentation and Machine Interface

  • Elon Musk believes that in 10 to 20 years, humans will have control over some of the horrible ways their brains go wrong.
  • He envisions full human expansion of human cognition into AI, full immersion in the internet of cognitive abilities, having no limitation for what you think.
  • Communication with anyone that you want to unrestricted by flapping air past meat on your face is a possibility.
  • There are possibilities in terms of banding human minds together to be even more potent as a multi-unit organism.

Neuralink's Call for Engineers

  • Elon Musk encourages mechanical engineers, software engineers, robotics engineers to come to the Neuralink website and look at the jobs they have available. They need the brightest people on the planet working on these hardest problems in his opinion.

Introduction

In this section, the speaker invites listeners to provide their email if they are interested in learning more about Dr. McDougall's work and the specific work being done at Neurolink.

  • If you're interested, give us your email so...

Neurolink Research

This section discusses the research carried out at Neurolink to overcome diseases of brain and nervous system function and augment how the human brain works.

Dr. McDougall's Work

  • To learn more about Dr. McDougall's work and the specific work being done at Neurolink, see the links provided in the show note captions.

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Video description

In this episode my guest is Matthew MacDougall, MD, the head neurosurgeon at Neuralink. Dr. MacDougall trained at the University of California, San Diego and Stanford University School of Medicine and is a world expert in brain stimulation, repair and augmentation. He explains Neuralink’s mission and projects to develop and use neural implant technologies and robotics to restore normal movement to paralyzed patients and to those with neurodegeneration-based movement disorders (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease) and to repair malfunctions of deep brain circuitry (e.g., those involved in addiction). He also discusses Neuralink’s efforts to create novel brain-machine interfaces (BMI) that enhance human learning, cognition and communication as a means to accelerate human progress. Dr. MacDougall also explains other uses of bio-integrated machines in daily life; for instance, he implanted himself with a radio chip in his hand that allows him to open specific doors, collect and store data and communicate with machines and other objects in unique ways. Listeners will learn about brain health and function through the lens of neurosurgery, neurotechnology, clinical medicine and Neuralink’s bold and unique mission. Anyone interested in how the brain works and can be made to work better ought to derive value from this discussion. Thank you to our sponsors AG1 (Athletic Greens): https://athleticgreens.com/huberman HVMN: https://hvmn.com/huberman Levels: https://levels.link/huberman Thesis: https://takethesis.com/huberman InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/huberman Supplements from Momentous https://www.livemomentous.com/huberman Huberman Lab Social & Website Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/hubermanlab Twitter: https://twitter.com/hubermanlab Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/hubermanlab LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrew-huberman Website: https://hubermanlab.com Newsletter: https://hubermanlab.com/neural-network Dr. Matthew MacDougall Clinical Practice: https://www.sutterhealth.org/find-doctor/dr-matthew-macdougall LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/drmmacdougall Twitter: https://twitter.com/matthewmacdoug4 The Institute: https://www.theinstitute.com/fellow/matthew-macdougall Neuralink Neuralink: https://neuralink.com Neuralink’s Patient Registry: https://neuralink.com/patient-registry Join Neuralink: https://neuralink.com/careers Timestamps 00:00:00 Dr. Matthew MacDougall 00:04:05 Sponsors: HVMN, Levels, Thesis 00:07:38 Brain Function & Injury; Brain Tumor Treatment 00:13:52 Frontal Lobe Filter; Sleep Deprivation 00:19:00 Neuroplasticity, Pharmacology & Machines 00:22:10 Neuralink, Neural Implants & Injury, Robotics & Surgery 00:31:05 Sponsor: AG1 (Athletic Greens) 00:32:20 Neocortex vs. Deep Brain 00:36:45 Decoding Brain Signals 00:42:08 “Confidence Test” & Electrical Stimulation; RFID Implants 00:51:33 Bluetooth Headphones & Electromagnetic Fields; Heat 00:57:43 Brain Augmentation & Paralysis 01:00:51 Sponsor: InsideTracker 01:02:09 Brain Implants & Peripheral Devices 01:12:44 Brain Machine Interface (BMI), Neurofeedback; Video Games 01:22:13 Improving Animal Experimentation, Pigs 01:33:18 Skull & Injury, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) 01:39:14 Brain Health, Alcohol 01:43:34 Neuroplasticity, Brain Lesions & Redundancy 01:47:32 Car Accidents & Driver Alertness 01:50:00 Future Possibilities in Brain Augmentation & BMI; Neuralink 01:58:56 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac - https://www.blabacphoto.com The Huberman Lab podcast is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing or other professional health care services, including the giving of medical advice, and no doctor/patient relationship is formed. The use of information on this podcast or materials linked from this podcast is at the user’s own risk. The content of this podcast is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Users should not disregard or delay in obtaining medical advice for any medical condition they may have and should seek the assistance of their health care professionals for any such conditions.