🌕 PARMÉNIDES DE ELEA 🌕► El filósofo MÁS OBVIO 😱 | Presocráticos #10
Parménides: El Filósofo del Cambio Imposible
Introducción a Parménides
- Parménides, un filósofo nacido alrededor de 515 a.C. en Elea, es conocido por negar la posibilidad del cambio, a pesar de su propia existencia y muerte.
- Se le atribuye un poema con 19 fragmentos que se dividen tradicionalmente en tres partes: Proemio, Discurso de la Verdad y Discurso de la Opinión.
El Proemio o Canto de Apertura
- En el Proemio, Parménides describe un viaje simbólico en un carro tirado por yeguas hacia una luz sin alternancia, representando una alegoría del viaje interior.
- Este viaje tiene significado dentro del contexto del Discurso de la Verdad, donde se argumenta que el cambio es lógicamente imposible.
La Revelación Divina
- Al llegar ante una diosa sin nombre, esta presenta dos vías: la vía de la verdad (que es) y una vía impracticable (que no es).
- La primera vía afirma "lo que es es" mientras que la segunda contradice esta afirmación; esto revela que el cambio implica confusión entre ser y no ser.
Implicaciones Filosóficas
- Parménides sostiene que los mortales olvidan continuamente esta verdad fundamental sobre el ser y el no ser.
- Aceptar que "lo que es" debe existir implica rechazar toda forma de cambio o multiplicidad; cualquier transformación sería contradictoria.
La Negación del Cambio
- El cambio se presenta como un tránsito entre opuestos; sin embargo, dado que lo que "es" no puede dejar de ser, este concepto resulta lógicamente imposible.
- Los mortales han introducido contrarios donde no existen; aceptar el cambio implicaría aceptar lo inaceptable: la existencia del no-ser.
Conclusiones sobre Sensibilidad vs. Razón
- La diosa anima a ignorar los sentidos en favor de la razón para entender las verdades fundamentales sobre el ser.
Philosophical Inquiry into Being and Non-Being
The Nature of Existence
- The dialogue begins with a discussion on existence, where one character argues that the other does not exist in the realm of truth but rather in the world of opinion, which is deemed an illusion generated by non-existent senses.
- The concept of "non-being" is introduced as something that does not exist anywhere; thus, only "being" remains. This leads to the assertion that being is ungenerated and imperishable.
- Being is described as immutable and eternal, existing outside time since time relates to movement. Therefore, what exists cannot be temporal or subject to change.
- The speaker emphasizes that being is singular and continuous; it cannot have alternatives because non-being does not exist. This establishes a foundational understanding of metaphysics.
Characteristics of Being
- A spherical nature is attributed to being, reflecting perfection according to Greek philosophy. If something were missing from being, it would imply the presence of non-being.
- Despite its perfect form, being is considered finite and limited; infinity represents imperfection in this philosophical context.
Transition to Opinion
- Following the discourse on truth, a shift occurs towards discussing opinion—what mortals perceive about change and cosmology. This includes various beliefs about the universe's structure.
- The "Discourse of Opinion" presents a cosmological view held by those who believe in change, including ideas like Earth at the center surrounded by layers or spheres.
Nostalgia for Earlier Thoughts
- Some scholars suggest that this discourse reflects Parmenides' earlier thoughts before he arrived at his conclusions about truth—a nostalgic look back at his youthful theories despite their falsity.
Philosophical Impact
- Parmenides marks a significant turning point in philosophy by posing fundamental questions about existence: "What is being?" His method involves denying problems' existence outright.
- While asserting that reality cannot change contradicts human experience, it opens up further philosophical inquiry. If Parmenides were entirely correct, there would be little left for philosophy to explore.