AP World History Modern: Unit 6 Review

Understanding the Consequences of Industrialization

The speaker introduces the topic of industrialization and prompts reflection on its consequences, drawing parallels to personal experiences.

Consequences of Industrialization

• Negative effects of industrialization include overcrowded cities, pollution, poverty, increased crime, and wealth disparity.

• Industrialization's impact extended globally beyond just urban areas where factories were located.

• Industrialization led to the need for more natural resources, food for growing populations, and new markets for finished goods.

Rationales for Imperialism

The discussion delves into the concept of imperialism and explores various motivations behind imperialistic actions.

Reasons for Imperialism

• Money was a primary driver as Europeans sought raw resources like rubber and cotton to generate profits from manufacturing goods.

• "White Man's Burden" ideology portrayed a duty to civilize supposedly primitive societies under European influence.

Nationalism in Imperialism

Nationalistic sentiments intertwined with imperialism are examined, shedding light on perceptions of superiority and sovereignty.

Nationalism Influence

• Nationalism fueled beliefs in cultural superiority leading to disregard for other nations' sovereignty.

Superiority and Frustration in European Advancements

The speaker discusses the frustration of not having a specific question on the SAQ that would allow them to refute claims made by the author regarding European advancements being based on previous civilizations like Chinese or Dar al-Islam.

European Advancements and Influences

• The speaker expresses frustration at the lack of an SAQ asking for evidence to challenge claims about European advancements.

• European industrialization attributed to luck with natural resources, not just scientific theories applied to social contexts.

• Christianity's role in imperialism, some using it as justification for actions while others genuinely aimed to spread beliefs and offer education.

Imperialistic Motives and Overlapping Ideologies

The discussion delves into various motives driving imperialism, including money, white man's burden, nationalism, social Darwinism, and spreading Christianity. It highlights how these ideologies intertwined and supported each other during imperialistic endeavors.

Motives Behind Imperialism

• Key motives include money, white man's burden, nationalism, social Darwinism, and spreading Christianity.

• Complexity arises from overlapping ideologies supporting each other during imperialistic pursuits.

Expansion of States: 1700-1900

Analyzing state expansion between 1700-1900 focusing on major maritime empires pre-industrialization (Portugal, Spain, Britain, France, Netherlands), with emphasis on Great Britain's significant role in state expansion during this period.

State Expansion Dynamics

• Major maritime empires pre-industrialization included Portugal, Spain, Britain, France, and the Netherlands.

• Great Britain emerged as a leading state expander during this period with vast colonial holdings worldwide.

Global Imperialism: Industrialized Nations' Expansion

Explores global imperialism post-industrial revolution with various nations expanding their territories. Focuses on British colonization patterns in Africa and India alongside other nations like France establishing colonies in different regions.

Global Imperialism Trends

• Industrialized nations engaging in imperialism globally; British Empire leading with extensive colonies across continents.

The Impact of Imperialism on Various Regions

This section discusses the impact of imperialism on different regions, highlighting resistance movements and key events in Africa, India, South Africa, the United States, and other areas.

Ashanti Kingdom's Resistance (796s)

• The Ashanti kingdom decided not to commit to imperial policies and aimed to maintain its independence while being friendly with Europeans.

• Despite efforts to remain peaceful, conflicts arose as they fought to defend their lands against European encroachment.

Successful African Resistance in Ethiopia (821s)

• Ethiopia successfully defended its land against Italian forces during the Battle of Adwa despite being outnumbered.

• The use of machine guns by Ethiopians helped level the playing field in this significant victory against European colonization.

Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa (848s)

• The Zulu Kingdom faced British ultimatums that threatened their cultural traditions and military structure.

• Refusal to comply led to the Anglo-Zulu War, resulting in British dominance over the region.

Ashanti Kingdom's Struggle Against British Rule (874s)

• The Ashanti kingdom, known for its wealth from gold trade and advanced military, resisted British attempts at colonization.

• Queen Mother Yaa Asantewaa led a rebellion against the British but was eventually defeated, leading to Ashanti becoming part of the Gold Coast colony.

Resistance Movements Across Different Regions

This section explores various resistance movements against imperialism in different parts of the world such as Africa, India, South Africa, and the United States.

Yaa Asantewaa's Rebellion (929s)

• Yaa Asantewaa led a rebellion against British rule known as the Yaa Asantewaa War in defense of her kingdom.

• Despite her efforts and bravery, the British emerged victorious, leading to her exile and incorporation of Ashanti into colonial rule.

Sepoy Revolt in India (1051s)

• The Sepoy revolt erupted due to religious tensions when Indian soldiers discovered cartridges greased with animal fat perceived as an attempt at religious conversion by the British.

• The rebellion was violently suppressed by the British authorities leading to significant casualties among Indians.

Religious Beliefs as a Form of Resistance

This section delves into how religious beliefs were utilized as forms of resistance against imperialism across different regions like South Africa and North America.

Cattle Killing Movement in South Africa (1078s)

• Xhosa prophetess initiated the cattle killing movement based on a belief that ancestral spirits would drive out European settlers if all cattle were slaughtered.

• Unfortunately, this movement resulted in mass starvation among indigenous populations due to loss of vital resources.

Ghost Dance Ritual Among Native Americans (1122s)

• Paiute tribe turned to religious beliefs like Ghost Dance ritual prophesying return of ancestors for protection against white settlers moving westward.

Detailed Analysis of Imperialism and Its Impact

In this section, the speaker discusses examples to support arguments made in essays related to imperialism, focusing on events not mentioned in provided documents.

Examples Supporting Arguments

• The speaker emphasizes the importance of incorporating relevant examples in essays. For instance, referencing the Anglo Zulu War where Africans fought against British ultimatums can strengthen claims about African responses to imperialism.

• It is crucial to provide concise examples that align with the essay's argument. Adding details about historical events like the Cosa Cattle Killing Movement or the Anglo Zulu War can enhance the depth of analysis beyond document references.

Economic Imperialism and its Ramifications

This part delves into economic imperialism, highlighting how European nations established spheres of influence in China through strategic economic tactics.

Impact of Economic Imperialism

• The British resorted to selling opium illegally in China as a means of economic exploitation, leading to conflicts known as the Opium Wars and resulting in unequal treaties like the Treaty of Nanjing.

• The aftermath of the Opium Wars saw China ceding territories and ports to Britain, showcasing how economic imperialism fueled territorial expansion and dominance through coercive measures.

Technological Advancements Driving Imperial Expansion

This segment explores how technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution facilitated imperial expansion by revolutionizing transportation and communication networks.

Role of Technology in Imperialism

• Railroads played a pivotal role in connecting empires efficiently, enabling faster transportation of goods and people across vast territories, thereby strengthening imperial control and trade networks.

Learning about Imperialism and Migration

In this section, the speaker discusses the historical context of imperialism, focusing on the extraction of raw materials from various regions and its impact on global economies. Additionally, migration patterns influenced by the Industrial Revolution are explored.

Imperialism and Raw Materials

• Britain initially sourced cotton from American colonies but later shifted to India post-American Revolution.

• Rubber was native to South America and Central Africa, notably in the Congo region under King Leopold II's exploitation.

• King Leopold II profited immensely from rubber in Congo but engaged in brutal practices like cutting off hands for failure to meet rubber quotas.

Extraction of Resources

• Palm oil, ivory, silver, and guano were sought-after resources with significant economic value.

• Guano was particularly valuable as a nitrogen-rich fertilizer despite being challenging to harvest.

Impact of Migration during Industrialization

This segment delves into how migration patterns were shaped by industrialization, labor systems, and demographic shifts during the 19th century.

Labor Systems and Migration

• The Industrial Revolution led to significant urbanization as migrants relocated due to new transportation methods like railroads.

• European states recruited laborers for plantations previously worked on by enslaved individuals following slavery abolition in Atlantic colonies.

Indentured Servitude and Diaspora

• Indentured servitude emerged as an alternative labor system post-slavery abolition, influencing migration patterns globally.

• Asian workers were often coerced into contracts for labor abroad, leading to altered demographics in host countries.

Global Migrations

• Mass migrations driven by poverty or political unrest resulted in diasporas such as Indian indentured laborers working on sugar plantations.

Britain and Irish Migration Effects

This section discusses the effects of migration from Britain and Ireland, focusing on the impact on families in their home countries and the changes in women's roles.

Effects of Migration

• The migration of Roman Catholics from Britain and Irish immigrants due to persecution and famine led to significant impacts on families in their home countries.

• Males predominantly migrated as indentured servants or contract laborers, affecting family structures back home.

• Women's roles underwent transformations, with some receiving support from male relatives left behind while others started working outside the home, gaining more freedoms.

• Many migrants sent remittances back to their home countries, contributing to economic support.

Formation of Ethnic Enclaves

This part delves into the formation of ethnic enclaves by immigrants in new countries and highlights examples like Chinese immigrants settling in California during the gold rush.

Ethnic Enclaves Formation

• Immigrants formed ethnic enclaves in new countries, creating neighborhoods with people from the same foreign country.

• Chinese immigrants who settled in California during the gold rush initially worked in mines or on railroads but later found employment in San Francisco's textile industry.

• Examples like Chinatown in San Francisco showcase how communities living together left cultural imprints behind.

Irish Influence and Discrimination

This section explores the influence of Irish immigrants in the United States despite facing discrimination.

Irish Impact

• Irish immigrants contributed significantly to constructing canal systems, farming, fighting discriminatory practices, supporting labor unions, and spreading Catholicism within the United States.

• Despite facing anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiments at that time, they played crucial roles in various aspects of American society.

Impact of Indian Migration

Discusses Indian migration effects such as cultural beliefs brought by Hindus and Muslims to South Africa.

Indian Migration Consequences

• Indians migrating to South Africa brought cultural beliefs, religious practices honoring Indian deities, forming altars at homes. Gandhi's experiences with discrimination led him to fight against racism before returning to India for nationalist activities against British rule.

Prejudice Due to Migration

Examines prejudice resulting from migrations including discriminatory laws against Chinese immigrants.

Prejudice Consequences

• Discriminatory laws were passed against Chinese immigrants in places like the United States where they faced restrictions on citizenship rights and job opportunities due to perceived dangers associated with them.

Global Impact Post-Migration Period

Reflecting on global consequences post-migration period highlighting continuities of gender inequity, racism across industrialized nations.

Global Consequences

• Post-migration era witnessed continuities such as gender inequality, racism fueled by ideologies like white man's burden leading to discrimination based on nationalism across industrialized nations globally.