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Origins of Political Ideologies and Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

The speaker introduces the origins of political ideologies and discusses the social and economic consequences of the Industrial Revolution.

Consequences of Industrial Revolution

• The development of capitalist economy through liberal revolutions and industrial revolution favored the bourgeoisie, leading to a capitalist economy based on Adam Smith's principles.

• Capitalist economy emphasized free markets, private ownership of production means, and pursuit of profit, as outlined in "The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith.

• Economic growth led to changes in production systems with the introduction of machinery at scale, new production methods like Taylorism and Fordism, and concentration of labor in factories.

• Economic powers sought resources and labor globally due to unprecedented economic growth, resulting in imperialism as a consequence.

• Urban areas experienced demographic shifts due to rural exodus caused by industrialization, leading to significant population growth in cities.

Social Changes

• Cities adapted with new infrastructure like roads and railways for transportation. Improved lighting systems shifted from gas to electric for urban areas.

• Enhanced city hygiene through improved sewage systems was a result of industrialization.

• The Industrial Revolution reshaped European society by elevating the bourgeoisie as the dominant class over traditional estates. The bourgeoisie encompassed high-ranking industrialists and bankers.

Revolution Industrial and Class Struggles

This section discusses the emergence of social classes during the Industrial Revolution, focusing on the bourgeoisie, proletariat, labor conditions, and early labor movements.

Emergence of Social Classes

• The new society post-Industrial Revolution consists of the bourgeoisie (e.g., merchants, lawyers) and the lower class known as the proletariat.

Role of Proletariat

• The proletariat forms the majority in this new class society with minimal privileges, playing a crucial role in factory work and industries.

Early Class Conflicts

• Conflicts arise between factory owners (bourgeoisie) and workers (proletariat), exemplified by movements like Luddism advocating for worker rights.

Rise of Labor Movements

• Unions start emerging in the early 19th century to fight for fair wages, improved working conditions, unemployment protection, and child labor regulations.

Ideologies Supporting Workers

• Socialists utopians like Saint-Simon propose an egalitarian society based on cooperation and collective ownership of production means.

Beginning of Anarchism in the 20th Century

The ultimate goal of anarchism in the early 20th century was to establish an egalitarian society based on the complete absence of power, which anarchists believed would prevent corruption. Anarchists proposed a society where decision-making occurred through assemblies and collective ownership of production facilities.

Anarchism vs. Marxism

• Anarchism aimed for a society without power, not without governance, advocating for decision-making through assemblies.

• Emphasized collective ownership of means of production like factories, contrasting with Marxist views.

• Despite both being labor movements, anarchism and Marxism had significant differences in their ideologies.

International Workers' Concept

Karl Marx initiated the concept of an International Workers' Association in 1864 to unite global labor movements. This initiative aimed to coordinate workers' efforts and establish strikes as a primary form of labor struggle.

International Workers' Association

• Founded by Karl Marx in 1864 to unify global labor movements.

• Advocated for coordinated worker actions and recognized strikes as a key form of labor resistance.

• Dissolved in 1876 due to disagreements between Marxists and anarchists despite shared goals against inequality.

Impact of Industrial Revolution on Political Ideologies

The Industrial Revolution and the emergence of labor movements laid the foundation for new political ideologies such as socialism and communism that continue to influence contemporary politics significantly.

Consequences of Industrial Revolution

• Labor movements stemming from industrialization led to the development of influential political ideologies.

• Socialism and communism emerged as prominent ideologies addressing societal inequalities.