Public Meeting on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (Official NASA Broadcast)

Name: Public Meeting on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (Official NASA Broadcast)
Uploaded: 2023-05-31T18:41:33.000Z
Duration: 8 h 26 s

Introduction

The meeting is called to order and the panelists are introduced.

Panelists Introduction

Dan Evans introduces himself as the designated federal official for NASA's unidentified anomalous phenomena independent study team.

The panelists are introduced, including Nadia Drake, Paula Bon Tempe, Federica Bianco, David Grinspoon, Carlin Toner, Josh Sametta, Jennifer Buss, Walter Scott Warren Randolph Reggie Brothers Shelley Wright Scott Kelly Anna Maria Brea Mike Gold and David Spurgle who serves as chair of the team.

Opening Remarks

Dan Evans pays tribute to retired Air Force Master Sergeant Sam Sato and expresses gratitude to the panelists. He emphasizes that any form of harassment towards the panelists only serves to detract from the scientific process which requires an environment of respect and openness.

Tribute and Gratitude

Dan Evans pays tribute to retired Air Force Master Sergeant Sam Sato who played a critical role in UAP analysis.

He expresses gratitude to the distinguished panel of experts for their unwavering commitment and dedication.

He emphasizes that any form of harassment towards the panelists only serves to detract from the scientific process which requires an environment of respect and openness.

Understanding UAP

Dan Evans explains why understanding UAP is vital for several reasons. It provides an opportunity for us to expand our understanding of the world around us. This study aims to enhance situational awareness by determining whether these phenomena pose any potential risks to airspace safety.

Importance of Understanding UAP

Understanding UAP is vital for expanding our understanding of the world around us.

This study aims to enhance situational awareness by determining whether these phenomena pose any potential risks to airspace safety.

Scientific Approach

Dan Evans explains why a scientific approach is crucial for UAP work. Science is built on evidence, scrutiny, reproducibility and objectivity. The primary objective of the team is not to look at grainy footage of UAPs but rather to give us a roadmap to guide us for future analysis.

Importance of Scientific Approach

A scientific approach is crucial for UAP work because science is built on evidence, scrutiny, reproducibility and objectivity.

The primary objective of the team is not to look at grainy footage of UAPs but rather to give us a roadmap to guide us for future analysis.

Transparency and Collaboration

Dan Evans emphasizes that transparency and collaboration are essential for fostering trust between NASA, the public and the scientific community. By maintaining open channels of communication we can facilitate collaboration encourage the exchange of ideas and ensure that our work is as robust as possible.

Importance of Transparency and Collaboration

Transparency and collaboration are essential for fostering trust between NASA, the public and the scientific community.

By maintaining open channels of communication we can facilitate collaboration encourage the exchange of ideas and ensure that our work is as robust as possible.

Introduction and Administrative Matters

The speaker introduces the purpose of the UAP independent study team and explains some administrative matters.

Purpose of the UAP Independent Study Team

The UAP independent study team was established to evaluate and categorize unidentified anomalous phenomena.

The team's focus is on the aerial aspect of anomalous phenomena.

The team aims to use the tools of science to evaluate and categorize future UAPs.

Administrative Matters

The unidentified anomalous phenomena independent study team reports to the Earth Science Advisory Committee, not the government.

Deliberative committee meetings are open to the public.

All presentations, discussions, and comments by committee members are on record.

Members must recuse themselves if there is a potential conflict of interest between their financial interests and matters being discussed.

Introduction by Dr. Nikki Fox

Dr. Nikki Fox thanks the members of NASA's UAP independent study team for their dedication to scientific inquiry. She discusses how harassment can hinder scientific progress in this field.

Introduction by Dr. Nikki Fox

Dr. Nikki Fox thanks NASA's UAP independent study team for their dedication to scientific inquiry.

She emphasizes that transparency, openness, and scientific integrity are essential values for NASA's mission.

Dr. Fox discusses how limited high-quality data makes it impossible to draw scientific conclusions about UAPs' nature.

Harassment in Scientific Inquiry

Dr. Fox condemns online harassment towards panelists studying this topic as it leads to further stigmatization of this field

Harassment significantly hinders scientific progress and discourages others from studying this important subject matter

Panelists are leading experts in scientific Aeronautics and data analytics communities who share invaluable insights with NASA

Transparency, openness, and scientific Integrity are Pinnacle to NASA's Mission and have been throughout the team's seven months on this study

Lack of High-Quality Data

Dr. Nikki Fox discusses how limited high-quality data makes it impossible to draw scientific conclusions about UAPs' nature.

Limited High-Quality Data

There is a very limited number of high-quality observations and data curation of UAP.

Existing data available from eyewitness reports are often modeled and cannot provide conclusive evidence that supports UAP recognition and analysis.

An object's background can complicate the data further, rendering it unusable due to conventional objects that can mimic or overshadow the phenomena completely, such as commercial aircraft, military equipment, weather, and ionospheric phenomena like auroras.

Conclusion

Dr. Nikki Fox concludes her introduction by emphasizing the importance of studying unclassified data from civilian government entities, commercial data, and other sources to inform future recommendations.

Conclusion

The UAP independent study was commissioned to create a roadmap on how to use the tools of science to evaluate and categorize the nature of UAPs going forward.

This roadmap will help the federal government obtain usable data to explain the nature of future UAPs.

The team has used unclassified data from various sources to inform their recommendations.

Their report will be published in summer 2021.

NASA's Role in Understanding UAPs

Dr. Fox discusses how NASA contributes to understanding UAPs through open data and transparent communication with the scientific community and the public.

NASA's Open Data Portal

NASA's open data portal, data.nasa.gov, provides free access to tens of thousands of data sets.

The portal is fully accessible to the public and allows for combing through records.

Data.gov provides an overview of where archives for science and mission data sites can be found.

Calibration of Earth Science Data

All NASA data sets go through rigorous calibration protocols before release.

Quick look data is available for preliminary findings, but cleaned-up data is released after calibration.

Panel Discussion on NASA's Role in Understanding UAPs

David Spurgle chairs a panel discussion on how NASA can contribute to understanding UAPs by using its unique capabilities as a civilian agency interacting with the scientific community in an open and transparent manner.

Fragmented Data Collection Efforts

Current UAP data collection efforts are unsystematic and fragmented across various agencies.

Existing data and eyewitness reports alone are insufficient due to lack of quality control, poor curation, and uncalibrated instruments.

Challenges in Understanding UAPs

A significant background noise exists from commercial aircraft, drones, weather balloons, military equipment, ionospheric phenomena etc.

Stigma among people reporting events remains a challenge despite extensive efforts by NASA to reduce it.

High-quality data is needed for better understanding of UAPs, but even then, not all sightings may be explained.

Introduction and Panel Discussion

The panel discusses preliminary ideas for the UAP study, followed by an open discussion. Questions from the website are curated and grouped together for a Q&A session.

Importance of High-Quality Data

Dr. Fox emphasizes the importance of high-quality data in the study.

Cameras and telescopes are designed for specific purposes, and using them outside their intended use can degrade data quality.

Understanding how data was taken is crucial to drawing accurate conclusions.

High-Risk, High-Reward Research

David Anomalies discusses high-risk, high-reward research in cosmology.

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are a fascinating object that has been subject to reactive research.

FRBs were initially discovered but not believed until they were confirmed as powerful explosions taking place at cosmological distances.

Study Overview

The panel provides an overview of the UAP study and its goals.

Study Goals

The UAP study aims to provide a public report by the end of July.

Preliminary ideas will be discussed, followed by an open discussion period and a Q&A session based on curated questions from the website.

Report Availability

A public report will be made available at the end of July.

The report will summarize discussions from the panel and address questions curated from the website.

Lightning and UAP Phenomenon

In this section, the speakers discuss how high-speed imaging data taken from places like the space station has helped to reveal fascinating ionospheric phenomena related to lightning. They also talk about the interesting nature of anomalous UAP sightings and why they are worthy of study.

Lightning and Ionospheric Phenomena

Commercial pilots have reported seeing strange lightning phenomena that were only able to be studied through high-speed imaging data.

The anomalous nature of UAP sightings makes them interesting and worthy of scientific study.

NASA's Role in Studying UAP

In this section, Sean talks about NASA's partnership with Arrow in studying unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP). He discusses how both organizations are committed to using a scientific, data-driven approach to understanding these phenomena.

Partnership Between NASA and Arrow

NASA has been an invaluable partner to Arrow in their efforts to better understand and respond to UAP.

Both organizations are committed to using a scientific, data-driven approach in their research.

While NASA is evaluating unclassified data sources for its study, Arrow's dataset includes classified material with a focus on national security areas.

However, all of this data collectively is critical to understanding the nature and origin of UAP.

Collaboration Across Partnerships

Robust collaboration across a broad range of partners will promote greater objectivity and transparency in the study of UAP.

Arrow's ultimate success will require partnerships with interagency industry academia, the scientific community, and the public, which all bring their own resources, ideas, and expertise to the UAP challenge.

Arrow's Scientific Approach to UAP

In this section, Sean discusses Arrow's scientific and analytic approaches to studying UAP. He emphasizes the importance of objectivity and analytic rigor in their research.

Objectivity and Analytic Rigor

Arrow is committed to the highest standards of scientific research integrity.

For cases that demonstrate potentially anomalous characteristics, Arrow approaches them with the highest level of objectivity and analytic rigor.

This includes physical testing and employing modeling and simulation to validate their analyses and theories.

Peer-reviewing those results before reaching any conclusions.

Time Commitment

Arrow's work will take time if they are committed to doing it right.

UAP Morphologies and Characteristics

In this section, the speaker discusses the characteristics of UAPs and their morphologies.

UAP Morphologies

The vast majority of reported UAPs are orbs or round spheres.

Less than half of the reported UAPs have been analyzed so far.

The speaker presents a heat map that shows where most of the reporting on UAPs comes from. This is due to collection bias.

Typical UAP Characteristics

The speaker presents a typical target package for UAPs based on what they usually see in most cases.

He shows an example of a spherical orb metallic object that was spotted in the Middle East in 2022 by an MQ-9 drone. This is a typical example of what they usually see all over the world.

Example of Spherical Orb Metallic Object

In this section, the speaker provides more details about a specific spherical orb metallic object that was spotted in the Middle East.

Details About Spherical Orb Metallic Object

The object demonstrated no enigmatic technical capabilities and posed no threat to airborne safety.

Although it was interesting, there is not much data available about it yet.

More data is needed to come to any conclusions about similar objects.

Newly Released Video Showing Moving Dots

In this section, the speaker presents a newly released video showing moving dots that were picked up by sensors on a P3 training mission in the Western United States.

Description of Video

There are two dots moving back and forth, with a plane at the bottom moving across the screen.

Later, three dots start moving back and forth instead of two.

These movements are captured by sensors on board collecting data from these objects.

The P3 tried to intercept the objects but was unable to do so.

There is no other oddity about this video except for the fact that they couldn't catch them.

Further analysis showed that the objects were actually much farther away from the P3 than they thought, and they were matched to aircraft on a major flight corridor heading into a major airport for landing.

Arrow's Scientific Plan

In this section, the speaker discusses Arrow's scientific plan for studying UAPs.

Arrow's Scientific Plan

Arrow has a robust scientific plan that will be provided to Congress soon.

They are looking at all existing sensor data against typical UAP targets beyond DOD and IC sensors, including commercial, civil, and partnership with NASA and NOAA sensors.

They are exploring if any Earth sensing satellites, airborne platforms or ground radars can detect these objects.

They are augmenting with dedicated sensors designed to detect track and characterize these particular objects in select areas for surveillance purposes.

Partnerships with academia are being used to explore signatures that match their data.

Statistical analytic techniques are being developed using unclassified and classified data.

AI and ML analytic techniques will be used for searching through data.

Partnerships with both DOD and DOE labs will be used to explore current state-of-the-art fundamental physics of UAP observations both current and historical.

Community Sensors and Recommendations

In this section, the speaker discusses community sensors and their calibration against scientific sensors. They also talk about the importance of calibrating DOD sensors against known objects. The speaker then goes on to discuss recommendations for the panel's consideration.

Calibration of Community Sensors

Community sensors are similar to scientific sensors in terms of calibration, precision, and accuracy.

DOD sensors are designed to identify known objects and put a weapon on them.

Calibrating community sensors against known objects is important for training operators, pilots, and sensors.

Pattern of Life Analysis

Baseline analysis is necessary to understand what is normal in hotspot areas.

A 24/7 monitoring campaign for three months at a time is necessary to measure out what is normal.

Understanding what is not normal will help identify additional things that come through those spaces.

Recommendations

Crowdsourcing Unclassified Open Source Data

Ancillary data from unclassified open source data can be helpful in identifying objects.

More than one phenomenology can be very helpful.

Large-Scale Ground-Based Scientific Instrumentation

Evaluating how other instruments can be used for detection would be useful.

Leading the evaluation of scientific ground-based sensors would be helpful.

Earth Sciences Satellites

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Evaluating how Earth Sciences Satellites can contribute towards detecting unknown aerial phenomena would be useful.

Intentional Vice Coincidental Collection

Providing a tip and cue to both the ground and space-based scientific and academic sensor community to put additional sensors on an object when it is reported would be helpful.

Peer Reviewing Advanced Capabilities

Leading the conversation on peer reviewing advanced capabilities would be very helpful.

Archived Scientific Data

Applying AIML tools to search through archived scientific data for anomalous signatures that may correlate with reported sightings would be an interesting study.

Distributions of Sightings

Analyzing distributions of sightings outside of classified reporting areas can generate similar distribution maps as classified reports, providing a holistic picture.

Foreign Partnerships

Building a robust scientific community of interest review data capabilities and expanding military and intelligence collaborations across the world into the scientific and academic world would be beneficial.

NASA Partnership

In this section, the speaker talks about the importance of NASA being a good partner for AARO and thanks the Committee for their role in building that partnership.

Importance of NASA Partnership

The speaker emphasizes that it is essential for NASA to be a good partner for AARO.

The Committee is thanked for their role in helping to build that partnership.

Sensors and Target Characterization

In this section, the speaker discusses sensors and target characterization. They talk about the need to go beyond current sensors based on National Security funds and certain phenomenologies and frequency range. They also discuss challenges such as materials and laws around pointing collection apparatus at specific areas.

Need to Go Beyond Current Sensors

The speaker sees a need to go beyond current sensors based on National Security funds and certain phenomenologies and frequency range.

Challenges such as materials or laws around pointing collection apparatus at specific areas are discussed.

Ground-Based Point Detectors

Ground-based point detectors will be necessary to search coupled with evaluating sensor opportunities across different organizations Academia industry whatnot that already exist or are being built for similar purposes or maybe other purposes that I might be able to recalibrate for this.

Modeling and Sim comes in can I take that Target put it into your sensor, have a chance of seeing it if I can then I might want to use it.

Database Numbers

In this section, the speaker talks about database numbers related to anomalous cases. They mention how many cases they have updated since their open hearing, how many new reports they get per month, and what percentage of those cases are possibly anomalous.

Anomalous Cases Database Numbers

The speaker mentions that they have updated their database since their open hearing and now have over 800 cases.

They get anywhere from 50 to 100-ish new reports a month.

The numbers of cases that they see as possibly anomalous are less than single-digit percentages of those in the total database, maybe two to five-ish percent.

Video Footage Analysis

In this section, the speaker talks about video footage analysis. They discuss how they identify objects and what is stable in the background.

Video Footage Analysis

The speaker discusses how they identify objects and what is stable in the background.

Other data sources came in to help clarify that some of the white spots were identified as airplanes.

Jitter in the Sensor

The speaker explains that the jitter in the sensor is what they are looking at.

The three spots look like they're moving at about the same speed, but they are not flying together. They are equally spaced in a flight line and the sensor is jittering.

Reported Characteristics

The speaker discusses how reported characteristics may not necessarily reflect real size or speed.

Typically reported characteristics include size, altitude, and speed. However, if it's being observed from a single sensor and you don't know how far away it is, it can be difficult to assess these parameters accurately.

Some of these observations are multi-sensor observations and this parameter covers the range of things for any given parameter that have been observed.

Sensor Artifact Data Processing

The speaker talks about how data collection affects anomalous readings.

Whenever something anomalous is detected, the first thing to check is how was the data collected?

An EO sensor on an MQ-9 was used for this particular reading and it is a real object.

AIML Techniques

The speaker discusses various AIML techniques being researched.

Natural language processing will be used for reports from pilots.

Target recognition will be used to train models to recognize objects based on previous holdings.

Active targeting in real-time has not been explored yet.

The speaker wants to get more confidence on what they have before exploring active targeting.

Stigma and Scientific Discourse

The speaker talks about the stigma surrounding anomalous phenomena and how NASA can help.

The stigma surrounding anomalous phenomena has improved significantly over the years, but it still exists within leadership.

The speaker and their team have been subject to harassment due to people's lack of understanding of the scientific method.

NASA should lead scientific discourse to elevate this conversation in an open environment where people won't be harassed for discussing a hard problem.

Anomalous Objects

In this section, the speaker defines what is considered anomalous and explains that it refers to anything that is not readily understandable by the operator or sensor.

Definition of Anomalous Objects

Anomalous objects are defined as anything that is not readily understandable by the operator or sensor.

This can include objects doing something weird, such as maneuvering against the wind at Mach 2 with no apparent propulsion.

Anomalous signature management refers to things that are not readily understandable in the context of a certain amount of light reflecting off an object.

Data Sharing with International Agencies

The speaker discusses how they are working with international agencies to share data and establish partnerships.

Partnerships with International Agencies

The speaker has partnered with international agencies and is discussing ways for reporting to them.

They have held their first Five Eyes Forum on this subject and entered into discussions on data sharing, analysis, calibration, and establishing partnerships.

NASA should expand scientific and academic relationships across all allies and partners to bring them into the fold.

FAA's Role in Surveillance Systems

The speaker provides an overview of FAA's mission and surveillance systems used for safe operation of manned aircraft.

FAA's Mission

FAA's mission is primarily around safe and efficient control of manned aircraft.

Commercial flights are a primary focus but they also support general aviation.

Surveillance Systems Used by FAA

FAA operates more commercial aircraft than any other country and has over 14,000 controllers.

They have 520 Air Traffic Control Towers, 147 Terminal Radar Approach Controls (TRACONs), and 21 Air Route Traffic Control Centers.

There are over 19,000 airports with over 5,000 public airports.

Categorization of Surveillance Services

The speaker provides a framework for categorizing surveillance services into cooperative and non-cooperative sensors. They explain that the focus will be on non-cooperative sensors for the rest of the briefing.

Types of Systems

Short-range radars are located at high and medium density airports with a detection range between 40-60 miles and altitude detection capability of about 24,000 feet.

Long-range radar systems have a detection range of 2 to 250 nautical miles with altitude detection up to 100,000 feet.

Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADSB) is not considered part of non-cooperative targets.

FAA's Detection Capabilities

The speaker explains what the FAA can detect by altitude slice and how it varies based on altitude.

Detection by Altitude Slice

A mathematical model based on line-of-sight and geographical screening is used to determine detection capabilities.

Coverage is good across the US at 10,000 feet and above.

Targets are assumed to be one square meter in size.

Drone and Balloon Surveillance

The ability to detect and surveil targets using drones largely depends on the size of the drone. There is good coverage across the US for cooperative aircraft with ADS-B, which can be detected at low altitudes. There are regulatory restrictions for all classes of drones to avoid interfering with manned aircraft operations. Weather balloons are released twice a day from 92 weather stations in the US, while UAP sightings are reported by air traffic controllers.

Drone Surveillance

Detection and surveillance capability of drones depend on their size.

Cooperative aircraft with ADS-B can be detected at low altitudes across the US.

Regulatory restrictions exist for all classes of drones to avoid interfering with manned aircraft operations.

Balloon Surveillance

Weather balloons are released twice a day from 92 weather stations in the US.

Private universities and hobbyists may also launch small balloons.

At least 184 balloon flights occur daily in NAS.

UAP Sightings

Air traffic controllers can report UAP sightings or events through a process.

Three to five reports per month have been historically reported by air traffic controllers across the entire US.

There is no specific stigma or limitation on reporting UAP sightings.

Air Traffic Control Radar Systems

In this section, the speaker discusses the coverage of air traffic control radar systems in the US and how it varies based on population density. They also explain how filtering techniques are used to optimize the display for controllers.

Coverage of Radar Systems

The eastern half of the US has better radar coverage due to higher population density and more airports.

Short-range radars are less dense in the western US, while long-range radars are equally spaced for maximum coverage from a homeland defense and security perspective.

The cruise phase of air traffic control is covered by long-range radars.

Filtering Techniques

Filtering techniques are used to optimize displays for controllers by removing ground-based clutter such as trees and insects.

There are specific settings that can be adjusted to filter out non-aircraft objects such as leaves or insects.

Raw data collection is possible but cost-prohibitive due to large volumes of data. Recorded data has already been through some form of processing and filtering.

Non-Cooperative Surveillance

In this section, the speaker explains how non-cooperative surveillance works in conjunction with cooperative surveillance to build an air traffic control picture. They also discuss tracking requirements for balloon flights.

Non-Cooperative Surveillance

Non-cooperative sensors detect targets which are then merged with cooperative system targets for increased confidence in identifying real aircraft.

Balloon Flights Tracking Requirements

National Weather Service contacts local air traffic facilities before releasing balloons under part 101 regulations. Commercial balloons transmit GPS positions to ensure they are not interfering with air traffic.

Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Avionics

The non-cooperative system can pick up cooperative avionics. Controllers can provide situational awareness to GA pilots via the flight following procedure.

Reporting UAPs

Pilots can report UAP sightings through a process that is not known from a pilot's perspective.

Incidents are reported to the Domestic Network Event Network, which is an FAA organization or function.

It is presumed that these incidents are part of Sean's database.

Conclusion and Lunch Break

Mike's presentation was appreciated, and the FAA was thanked for maintaining an impressive system.

A quick lunch break was taken, and the session will resume at 12:30 PM.

Short Presentations by Panel Members

The next part of the session consists of short presentations by panel members on different aspects of their charge.

Each speaker will take questions after their presentation, and there will be time for general discussion at the end.

Introduction

Nadia introduces herself and the purpose of the panel. She explains that they will be summarizing the situation and putting together a framework for thinking about UAP.

Nadia's Introduction

Nadia is a scientist by training and a science journalist.

The definition of UAP has changed during their fact-finding process.

The panel will continue focusing on the aerial domain because that is where the majority of sightings have occurred.

Why UAP are Interesting

Nadia explains why UAP are interesting and how challenging it can be to explain anomalous sightings.

Reasons Why UAP are Interesting

Many credible witnesses have reported seeing unidentified objects in the sky.

The challenge is that data needed to explain these anomalous sightings often do not exist or are incomplete.

Eyewitness reports can be interesting but often lack information needed to make definitive conclusions about an object's provenance.

Scientific Approach to Studying UAP

Nadia discusses how studying UAP offers an excellent opportunity to demonstrate the power of scientific method, and she outlines key points NASA should keep in mind when tackling this topic scientifically.

Scientific Approach to Studying UAP

Collecting more good data for scientific community review in a peer-reviewed context will be important for progress.

It is important to remember that it's not NASA's job to replicate DOD efforts but rather consider complementary approaches.

Science is hypothesis-driven, and scientists build confidence in their theories by relying on well-calibrated, well-collected data using well-established methods with rigorous evaluation and independent corroboration.

Defining the Problem

Nadia discusses what they are looking for when studying UAP and how challenging it can be to define the problem.

Defining the Problem

Between two and five percent of events collected over 27 years display signatures that could be anomalous.

The amount of stuff in the sky at any given time is vast, making it difficult to identify UAP.

The challenge is to define what seems to be a very slender needle in a very big haystack.

Conclusion

Nadia concludes by discussing what imprint they want to leave and why they are making recommendations.

Conclusion

When making recommendations, the panel needs to look at what kind of imprint they want to leave.

They need to consider what the situation will look like five or ten years from now.

NASA's Role in UAP Studies

In this section, the panel discusses NASA's role in studying Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP).

NASA's Expertise and Experience

NASA is a science-driven agency committed to exploring and understanding air and space.

NASA has over 60 years of experience measuring phenomena in air and space, including Aeronautics astronomy as well as measuring other Earth phenomena.

NASA's Mission data and Technical expertise in science and engineering may also help investigate and understand any of the reported phenomena.

NASA research supports a wide range of methods, including Advanced Data analysis modeling Cutting Edge computational and data visualization tools.

Publicly Available Data

Discoveries and results are all publicly available through many outlets.

It is essential to communicate findings about phenomena to the public, destigmatize reporting, raise awareness of cultural and social barriers to doing so.

Partnerships

NASA has a unique strength in leveraging public and private partnerships that could result in new technologies that may be useful in observing and understanding reported phenomena.

These partners could include other federal agencies such as FAA or NOAA who collect data that could help understand reported phenomena.

Interdisciplinary research teams as well as citizen scientists could explore historical and current NASA data for events or more importantly for environmental conditions around the time of reported events.

Conclusion

Given NASA's experience with long-term missions long-term projects, scientific focus, the agency is well-equipped to handle extensive ongoing study of UAP phenomena.

NASA's Opportunity to Expand Knowledge of UAPs

In this section, the panel discusses the opportunities that UAPs present for NASA to expand its knowledge and understanding of scientific methods.

Interdisciplinary Research Teams

The first opportunity presented by UAPs is to bring together interdisciplinary research teams and scientists to take an objective look at the NASA data archive.

This could lead to renewed partnerships at the federal, international, and private levels.

Citizen Science

There is an opportunity for people to become more in touch with their surroundings and environment through utilizing data from NASA's mission.

Communication engagement with the public is important for destigmatization.

Defining Anomalous

In this section, Dr. Kirkpatrick's definition of anomalous is discussed, and there is a call for a broader definition when considering citizen science.

Definition of Anomalous

Dr. Kirkpatrick defined anomalous as not readily understandable to the operator or sensor.

A more specific definition may be necessary for our purposes.

Broader Definition for Citizen Science

When considering citizen science, a broader definition of anomalous may be necessary.

Federica Bianco emphasizes that data collection needs to meet standards established in the scientific community (e.g., FAIR standard).

Status of Data on UAP

In this section, Federica Bianco discusses the current status of data on UAP and what needs to happen before machine learning methods can be applied.

Current Status of Data

The current status of data on UAP does not meet scientific standards.

The collection is inconsistent, uncalibrated, poorly documented, and largely incomplete.

Retrieving the data requires significant person power and cannot be automated.

Machine Learning Methods

Organized repositories need to exist to enable the automation of retrieval of data and metadata.

Machine learning methods can detect rare and unusual signals in a complex, noisy environment.

Detecting Anomalies

In this section, the speaker discusses the alternative approach in detecting anomalies and how it requires a deep understanding of what is normal and usual. This approach relies entirely on a comprehensive and systematic organization of the data which is paramount.

Unsupervised Machine Learning

The alternative approach in detecting anomalies requires a thorough and deep understanding of what is normal and usual.

These methods are typically found in the realm of unsupervised machine learning.

Identifying Anomalies

An anomaly is anything that is not consistent with the way things look in our data.

Once an anomalous signal is detected, it can be studied more deeply through discovery data itself or by collecting additional follow-up data.

Follow-Up Data

Follow-up data may be necessary to study these anomalies further.

Collecting follow-up data can be challenging, especially if the phenomena are ephemeral in time.

Follow-up observations require prompt response to detection.

Collecting Data for UAP Study

In this section, the speaker discusses how eyewitness reports can elevate our understanding of UAP sightings but only when joined with quantitative data collected by sensors as well as biophysical and psychophysical assessments of witnesses.

Eyewitness Reports

Eyewitness reports may contain important information such as persistent sighting locations or seasonality.

Quantitative Data Collection

Quantitative data collection should include metadata such as sensor type, brand, noise characteristics, time of acquisition, instrument sensitivity, and information about the circumstances of data collection.

Data should be collected simultaneously by different platforms in a multi-sensor system.

Data that we may want to collect includes images, temperature, sound recording, spectral data emissivity, and monitoring the motion of objects.

Professional Grade Infrastructure

Professional grade infrastructure can achieve much of this data collection such as astrophysical and geographical observatories both on the ground and satellites.

Modern observatories are designed for the detection of time anomalies specifically as well as for the detection of objects that move rapidly in space near Earth objects asteroids meteors Etc so those could be leveraged for the study of uaps.

Crowdsourcing Data Collection

The public can also contribute to data collection through crowdsourcing if a platform exists that supports it.

NASA might be able to play an important role in developing this platform.

Leveraging NASA's Experience

In this section, the speaker discusses how NASA's experience in coordinating scientific studies efforts across discipline and domains serving as a bridge between communities can be leveraged to support other agencies in identifying and explaining UAP sightings.

Coordinating Scientific Studies

NASA has a wealth of experience in coordinating scientific studies efforts across discipline and domains serving as a bridge between communities in interdisciplinary studies and studies across different countries all of these can be supported all of this can be leveraged to support the work of other agencies.

Data Curation

NASA has an important experience in data curation with sophisticated analysis techniques, calibration methods, open data policy, archival data review for machine learning and AI.

Public Interest

UAP sightings have a great public interest and could be an opportunity to increase the reach of science, help people understand the scientific process, and diversify the scientific community.

Open Sourcing Applications for Crowdsourcing UAP Data

In this section, the speaker discusses the need for a platform to provide guidance and best practices for crowdsourcing UAP data. They also mention the potential of using cell phones for crowdsourcing and the importance of coordination within the community.

Platform for Crowdsourcing UAP Data

The speaker believes that a set of guidance or best practices is not sufficient and that a platform needs to be provided.

Cell phones can be used for crowdsourcing UAP data, but it's important to ensure that the platform reaches a large enough community to have an effective crowd.

Coordination is crucial in ensuring that messages about sightings are transmitted across the community so that others can point their sensors towards it.

Synthetic Data Generation

The idea of generating synthetic data based on existing information is discussed as a way to train machine learning models when there isn't enough quality data available.

However, generating synthetic data sets can embed biases into machine learning models, making it difficult to avoid bias in anomaly detection.

Observations Beyond Earth and Their Relevance to UAP Study

In this section, David Grinspoon talks about how observations beyond Earth are relevant to studying UAPs. He discusses NASA's missions focused on finding life beyond Earth and how they search for biosignatures and techno-signatures.

Searching for Biosignatures

NASA's missions focus on finding life beyond Earth by searching for biosignatures - anomalous gases or other anomalies in planet atmospheres which may reveal the presence of life.

When an anomaly is discovered, more data is sought to understand what is being seen, which often leads to new discoveries.

Techno-Signatures

Techno-signatures are observations that may reveal the presence of technological activity somewhere else.

NASA supports research studying techno-signatures and has capabilities to search for objects in space with anomalous motion or trajectories.

Extraterrestrial Artifacts

If extraterrestrial artifacts were found in our solar system, it would be plausible given the widespread belief within the scientific community that extraterrestrial civilizations exist and may be detectable.

NASA's existing programs have relevant experience in determining whether observations justify making extraordinary claims.

Investigating UAPs with NASA's Rigorous Methodology

In this section, the speaker discusses the importance of investigating UAPs using NASA's rigorous methodology. The focus is on observations elsewhere and how they can be applied to the study of UAPs.

Importance of Investigating UAPs

The speaker emphasizes that investigating UAPs is important because it opens up a continuum of possibilities worthy of investigation.

The speaker believes that if NASA applies the same rigorous methodology toward UAPs as it does to the study of possible life elsewhere, we stand to learn something new and interesting.

Collaboration between different communities such as astrobiology and data sciences could aid in establishing what's normal and enabling detection or understanding explanation of a UAP if reported.

Lessons Learned from Techno Signatures

A question is asked about whether there are any lessons learned from techno signatures in the savvy community that can be imposed on UAP and solar system studies.

The speaker responds by saying that techno signatures were kept at arm's length for a long time due to stigma but ultimately cannot be kept away forever if an agency is curiosity-driven trying to understand the whole universe.

The same lesson applies to UAP investigations where stigmas need to be moved beyond, and evidence needs to be honestly looked at.

Working with Data

A point is made about how biosignatures and techno signatures have standardized data sets collected over time, which allows for machine learning artificial intelligence algorithms application.

However, applying artificial intelligence in analyzing data for UAP investigations presents a different challenge.

The speaker hopes that the UAP field will learn how to work with data from biosignatures and techno signatures fields.

Encouraging Reporting of UAP Events

In this section, the focus is on encouraging reporting of UAP events. The barriers for people to report are discussed, and ways to make it easier for them to report are suggested.

Barriers for Reporting

The speaker discusses how reporting of UAP events has received a lot of attention recently but there are still barriers for people to report.

People may not know where or how to report, and they may fear that their reports won't be taken seriously or that they will be shamed.

Many scientists and aviators consider the study of UAPs as fringe at best, which adds a negative stigma associated with reporting or researching such phenomena.

Making Reporting Easier

Encouraging military aviators to disclose anomalies that they've seen or detected can help in making reporting easier.

There needs to be a way for people to report anonymously without fear of repercussions.

Educating people about what information is needed when reporting can also help in making it easier.

NASA's Role in UAP Investigations

In this section, the speaker proposes that NASA can help make it safer for researchers to explore data in the Civil airspace domain by starting that work internally. The speaker recommends advising NASA to assess the cultural and social barriers to studying and reporting UAP and implement a plan to leverage its brand image to start removing these obstacles.

Proposal for NASA's Role

NASA can help make it safer for researchers to explore data in the Civil airspace domain by starting that work internally.

Advising NASA to more fully assess the cultural and social barriers to studying and Reporting uip.

Implement a plan to leverage its brand image to start removing these obstacles.

Importance of Data Sharing

In this section, the speaker emphasizes the importance of data sharing. They suggest that NASA should sponsor and participate in conferences on UAP detection.

Importance of Data Sharing

Emphasizes the importance of data sharing.

Suggests that NASA should sponsor and participate in conferences on UAP detection.

Example of Importance of Contextual Data

In this section, the speaker provides an example of why it would be important for NASA to also help shape how data and information are reported.

Example of Importance of Contextual Data

Provides an example of why it would be important for NASA to also help shape how data and information are reported.

Illustrates just why it would be important for NASA to also help shape how the data and information is reported.

Importance of Multi-Sensor Approach

In this section, the speaker emphasizes the importance of a multi-sensor approach in charting a path forward for UAP investigations. They provide an example to illustrate the crucial role of science and scientific analysis and the role of scientific analysis to avoid misinterpretation.

Importance of Multi-Sensor Approach

Emphasizes the importance of a multi-sensor approach in charting a path forward for UAP investigations.

Provides an example to illustrate the crucial role of science and scientific analysis.

Illustrates the kind of cognitive bias we have to contend with.

Example: Go Fast Video

In this section, the speaker provides an example using the "Go Fast" video recorded by pilots deployed from USS Theodore Roosevelt in 2015. The speaker explains how they can determine critical parameters such as altitude and velocity under certain assumptions.

Example: Go Fast Video

Provides an example using the "Go Fast" video recorded by pilots deployed from USS Theodore Roosevelt in 2015.

Explains how they can determine critical parameters such as altitude and velocity under certain assumptions.

Uses additional information on screen including time axis to reconstruct encounter.

Q&A Session

In this section, the speaker takes questions from the audience and provides clarifications on some of the topics discussed earlier.

Clarification on Video Footage

The second video shown in the presentation had three aircraft in it.

There was a question about whether the background was stabilized against which the jitter was showing.

The speaker is not 100% certain of that answer but will get back with a more informed response.

It could either be a stabilized background or just garbage, but in either event, the three aircraft are jittering because of the platform.

Jitter and Perception

Jitter is caused by the sensor moving against the platform.

Sometimes, these sensors are stabilized against targets, while other times they jump around.

The perception of operators can sometimes lead to confusion about what is happening.

Pilots may experience optical illusions due to atmospheric lensing or variations in atmosphere.

Investigating Unidentified Phenomena

Multiple sources of data are needed to investigate unidentified animated phenomena.

Radar hits and other sightings need to be considered before drawing conclusions.

Permanent Office within NASA

In this section, the speaker expresses concern about effectively collating and reporting data on UAP sightings. They recommend creating a permanent office within NASA to support this activity.

Recommendations for Reporting

The speaker recommends creating a permanent office within NASA to support the collation of information and act as an open forward-facing counterpart to Sean and Aaron.

This would allow for effective reporting on UAP sightings and addressing stigma issues in a relatively affordable fashion.

Addressing Panel Questions

In this section, Jen presents her statement that answers the eight questions that the panel was charged with addressing.

Scientific Data Collection

The panel reviewed data sources from NASA, NOAA, FAA Commerce, and others but found that bias exists in the collected data since it was not collected for identifying UAP.

Non-profit organizations exist to track anomalous phenomena in Earth's atmosphere but their inputs are not considered scientific data in nature.

Commercial space companies have vast amounts of data but they are collected for different purposes than identifying UAP.

FAA Data Tracking Events

The FAA has data on normal tracking events which could be useful if calibrated correctly.

Having a NASA responsibility for data could help serve as an intermediary between citizen scientists with cell phone cameras and FAA data.

Recommendations for Collecting Scientific Data by NASA

The panelists discuss what types of scientific data should be collected by NASA to enhance the potential for developing an understanding of the nature and origins of UAP. They also talk about how the data should be organized and recognize the difference in sensor thresholds.

Types of Scientific Data to Collect

Recommendations are made for collecting new types of scientific data that can help develop an understanding of UAP.

The panelists suggest organizing the collected data in a manner that makes it available for people to analyze.

It is important to recognize the difference in sensor thresholds when collecting data.

Consistent long-term observations are necessary, even though it may not be considered exciting work.

Existing Infrastructure

NASA has existing infrastructure for collecting persistent data, which can be used to collect consistent long-term observations.

Satellite companies are also doing persistent collection.

Analysis Techniques for Assessing UAP

The panelists discuss scientific analysis techniques currently in production that could be employed to assess the nature and origins of UAP. They also talk about which types of analysis techniques should be developed.

Current Analysis Techniques

There are very few credible analysis techniques available currently to assess the nature and origins of UAP.

Artificial intelligence and automated analysis techniques show promise for future use.

Designing Analysis Techniques

To design effective analysis techniques, we need to know what the data looks like.

Uniformity in collecting data is important for effective analysis.

Cross-calibration across different observing techniques is necessary to understand and characterize the data.

Artificial intelligence can be used to design characteristics for the data that we need.

Importance of Uniform Data

The panelists discuss the importance of uniform data in analyzing UAP.

Understanding Different Observing Techniques

It's important to understand the various ways in which data is collected and cross-calibrate across those different approaches.

Things need to be well-characterized to be useful, which takes time and energy.

Applying Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence can be applied in a way that we can design characteristics for the data that we need.

Anomalous Acceleration

The speakers discuss the challenges of monitoring UAPs when they don't know what they are looking for. They suggest starting with known hot spots and using a scientific process to understand the phenomena.

Understanding Anomalous Acceleration

Anomalous acceleration refers to unknown phenomena that could be electromagnetic or radiation signatures.

The challenge is monitoring something without knowing what it is.

Starting with known hot spots and using a scientific process can help untangle the problem.

Criteria for Identifying UAPs

The speakers discuss Sean's criteria for identifying UAP trends, which include specific size, motion range, and being different from anything seen before.

Sean's Criteria for Identifying UAP Trends

Sean presented criteria for identifying UAP trends, including specific size and motion range.

The phenomena should be different from anything seen before.

It can be challenging to identify something that looks like magic but can be corroborated by multiple sources.

Using Social Media to Cue Sensors

The speakers discuss whether social media could be used as a way of cueing sensors in areas where UAP activity has been reported.

Cueing Sensors Using Social Media

Can social media be used as a way of cueing sensors in areas where UAP activity has been reported?

Real-time capability would be required, but it could potentially lead to better understanding of where outbreaks are happening.

Algorithms in anomaly detection are based on finding out how things we know look like so that anything that doesn't look like that can be identified and spotted.

Basic Physical Constraints on UAP Nature and Origins

Mike discusses basic physical constraints on the nature and origins of UAPs, based on Sean's trends and Josh's presentation.

Basic Physical Constraints on UAP Nature and Origins

Basic physical constraints can be placed on the nature and origins of UAPs.

Sean's trends and Josh's presentation provide a basis for understanding these constraints.

Civilian airspace data can help understand the nature and origins of UAPs and determine their risk to national airspace.

Current Reporting Protocols and Air Traffic Management Data Acquisition Systems

The panel discusses the current reporting protocols and air traffic management data acquisition systems that can be modified to acquire additional data on past and future UAPs. They also discuss potential enhancements to future air traffic management development efforts.

Modifying Existing Reporting Protocols

Existing reporting structures can be adapted and improved to acquire additional data on past and future UAPs.

Enhancements for Future Air Traffic Management Development Efforts

Automatic filtering of knowns, tuning of sensor platforms, multimodal spectrum collection, time-stamping or geostamping each sighting can help acquire more data on UAPs.

Recommendations are needed for potential enhancements to future air traffic management development efforts in order to better understand the nature and origins of UAPs.

Collecting Data on Anomalies

The panel discusses the need for interdisciplinary effort in looking for anomalies, as well as recommendations for NASA's assets in acquiring data concerning reported UAP sightings.

Looking for Anomalies

There is a need for interdisciplinary effort in looking for anomalies, which has not been focused on yet.

Recommendations for NASA's Assets

A task force should be convened by NASA to look at its current assets and calculate what current available data and facilities could answer insight into reported UAP sightings.

Increasing frame rate into detectors is necessary if we want to catch fast-moving objects or small sizes with high resolution depending on altitude where images are taken from ground or space.

NASA's current assets would likely only be able to see very big Haystack moving very slowly, but this data is still useful in characterizing the background and understanding what unusual looks like.

Public Q&A

The panel opens up to public questions and discusses how these meetings are public under federal advisory committee act guidance.

Public Q&A

This meeting is a federal advisory committee act meeting, which means it is public and takes public questions. Hundreds of questions were submitted, and some will be answered online at science.nasa.gov UAP over time.

Introduction

In this section, the speakers introduce themselves and explain how they will address the questions from the public.

Addressing Public Questions

The speakers have bucketed similar questions to address as many as possible.

They will answer questions about the data being used, transparency, and whether NASA has been tracking Earth's atmosphere or studying bodies of water for UAPs.

Data Being Used

In this section, the speakers discuss what data is being used in their report.

Types of Data

The goal is to create a roadmap by learning about reported events and unresolved cases.

They have not done a complete historical study but are informed by some events that are reported.

They want to collect more robust data in the future to get better answers.

Transparency and Sharing Information

In this section, the speakers discuss transparency and sharing information with the public.

NASA's Commitment to Transparency

NASA is committed to openness, transparency, honesty, and providing real-time footage from various missions.

To their knowledge, NASA has never intentionally cut a live feed to hide anything related to UAPs.

Astronauts' NDA or Clearance

There were no formal or informal discussions about UAPs or UFOs during their time at NASA according to one speaker who was an astronaut for 20 years.

Science Overlords

Scientists are intellectually rebellious and questioning authority is in their nature.

Tracking Earth's Atmosphere and Bodies of Water

In this section, the speakers discuss whether NASA has been tracking Earth's atmosphere or studying bodies of water for UAPs.

Independent Study

The study is independent to assess what assets, data, science, and observation platforms NASA has to potentially help evaluate and understand UAPs.

NASA has an earth science division that studies the planet.

Identifying Useful Data

The panel discusses the assets available to identify useful data that could explain UAP reports.

Assets for Identifying Useful Data

NASA has called together a panel to look into UAP and is hosting public meetings to be transparent.

The panel emphasizes the importance of identifying all types of anomalous phenomena, not just those related to airplanes.

NASA can leverage its reputation to push back against stigmatization surrounding the study of UAP, which is important for both science and national security.

The agency is taking actions to normalize the study of UAP by promoting rigorous scientific inquiry, encouraging open dialogue, and collaborating across government agencies.

Working with Partners

The panel discusses who NASA is currently working with or wants to work with in studying UAP.

Partnerships for Studying UAP

NASA partners with other government agencies and has a wide commercial outreach for understanding what data is available.

NASA's international outreach allows it access to information gathered by partner countries.

The agency's unique scope and ability to reach out make it an important player in space exploration.

The Threat of Orbit to Society

In this section, the speakers discuss how orbit represents an existential threat to society and the importance of monitoring orbit for UAPs.

Importance of Monitoring Orbit for UAPs

Orbit represents an existential threat to society.

Monitoring orbit for UAPs is important as it could help us understand other threats such as asteroids.

Collaboration between agencies that study astrophysics is necessary to advance the field.

Evidence of Non-Human Intelligence in UAP Creation

In this section, the speakers discuss whether there is evidence that UAP were created from non-human intelligence.

Scientific Process and Framework

As scientists, they follow the scientific process and formulate hypotheses based on data.

The role of the panel is to create a framework for studying UAP scientifically.

Scientists need to work together in multi-disciplinary teams and organizations to study phenomena like UAP.

Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence

"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence."

The question of whether we are alone in the universe is one of the largest questions in science, and it requires a lot of research.

Extraordinary Evidence Required

In this section, the speaker emphasizes that claiming evidence of non-human intelligence requires extraordinary evidence.

Budget for UAP Study

NASA has not established a program relative to UAP and as a result, there's no associated programmatic funding.

The budget for the independent study team is consistent with any other external review groups that NASA brings into the Science Mission Director on an annual basis.

NASA anticipates and weighs recommendations from independent groups such as this one before making an assessment.

Search for Extraterrestrial Life

This section discusses NASA's search for extraterrestrial life.

Astrobiology Work

When discussing extraterrestrial life, it is important to make a distinction between astrobiology and intelligent life.

One of NASA's big questions is whether there is life out there.

NASA explores the solar system and beyond in search of life in any form.

Potential Search Elements

There are many potential elements to consider when searching for extraterrestrial life, including probes landing on planets or designing missions that will look for signatures of life around other planets.

No Evidence Yet Found

While we have not found evidence of extraterrestrial life yet, we are looking in many different ways.

Importance of Question

The question of whether we are alone in the universe is a central question not just for the scientific community but also for the public.

Astrobiology and Exobiology

In this section, the speaker talks about astrobiology and exobiology, which involves exploring our planet as an analog for what might be found on other worlds. The speaker also mentions the discovery of new species in our oceans that may look alien to some people.

Potential Synergies of Interdisciplinary Science Research Observations

The speaker discusses the potential synergies of interdisciplinary science research observations, data collection, and information gathering that could be useful in the future.

NASA had an initiative called "Oceans Across the Solar System" where they explored whether Earth's ocean could be used as an analog for what might be discovered elsewhere.

NASA's Role in Understanding UAPs

The AARO is the lead agency for UAPs (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena). Most UAP sightings are likely to turn out to be phenomena such as balloons or commercial jets. However, some UAP sightings may have national security implications, so it is encouraged to report them.

NASA can help remove stigma around UAP sightings and draw more of the scientific community into studying them. They can also provide standards for high-quality data collection from multiple sensors and perspectives. Citizen science can also play a role in collecting data through apps developed by NASA or companies working with them.

Surprises in Science

Scientists are often surprised by discoveries made during their research, and there is still much we don't know about our planet and universe. There may be phenomenon in our atmosphere that we haven't seen yet or haven't noticed before due to biases against seeing them. Pre-discoveries are not always noted because of these biases but can lead to significant discoveries later on.

Need for Better and Uniform Data

In this section, the speaker emphasizes the need for better and more uniform data to understand what's in the haystack. The speaker also highlights that characterizing known events is an essential thing to do to understand what's out there.

Importance of Understanding What's in the Haystack

The speaker emphasizes the need for better and more uniform data.

Drones are a growing source of confusion, and understanding them is important for air safety.

Studying unknown events is crucial to understanding air safety.

Characterizing Known Events

Characterizing known events is an essential thing to do to understand what's out there.

Calibration and understanding standard predictions well are necessary for finding new particles in particle physics experiments at CERN.

Characterizing normal events like F-35 flying past a balloon is crucial to understanding what it sees at different angles.

Conclusion and Thanks

In this section, the speaker concludes by thanking panelists, invited speakers, data collection sessions participants, and the public. The speaker encourages people to visit science.nasa.gov to learn more about NASA's amazing work.

Thanking Participants

The speaker thanks panelists, invited speakers, data collection sessions participants, and the public.

NASA will provide additional answers on science.nasa.gov.

Encouraging Learning

The speaker encourages people to visit science.nasa.gov to learn more about NASA's amazing work.