Developing an AMERICAN IDENTITY [APUSH Review Unit 3 Topic 11 (3.11)] Period 3: 1754-1800

How Did the Early Republic Develop a Distinct American Identity?

The Role of Women in Early American Society

• Women had limited roles in early American society, lacking voting rights and facing societal restrictions. However, leaders believed that wives and mothers were essential for establishing a strong America.

• The concept of "Republican Motherhood" emerged, suggesting that mothers could influence political ideas by raising virtuous sons educated in liberty principles. This idea was rooted in Benjamin Rush's 1787 essay on female education.

• Although this notion did not equate to women's rights as understood today, many women embraced it as a sacred duty. This led to increased educational opportunities for girls, such as Massachusetts instituting elementary education for all children in 1789.

• Advocates like Judith Sargent Murray argued for greater independence for women, emphasizing their ability to attain life's necessities without male support. However, true independence would take much longer to achieve.

• It's important to note that these advancements primarily benefited white women; black women faced enslavement or limited employment options, while Native American women's roles diminished due to conflicts with settlers.

Artistic Expressions of National Identity

• During this period, national identity found expression through art and literature rather than European styles dominating colonial days. Artists began focusing on historical themes influenced by Enlightenment ideals.

• Charles Willson Peale was notable for his portraits, including one of George Washington. Samuel Jennings broke norms by including diverse figures in his works while promoting rationality and education.

• John Trumbull's romanticized depictions of historical events aimed to evoke national pride; his portrayal of the signing of the Declaration of Independence is an example where artistic license created a sense of reverence not present during the actual event.

• Architectural styles reflected classical revival influences from Europe; Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello exemplifies this with its formal brick and stone design featuring columns and domes.

• Literature also shaped early American identity; Benjamin Franklin’s "Poor Richard’s Almanack" became widely popular, promoting industriousness through memorable aphorisms.

Religious Perspectives