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ANTIGUA GRECIA 4: La Época Clásica 2/2 - La Guerra del Peloponeso y el declive de Grecia (Historia)
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ANTIGUA GRECIA 4: La Época Clásica 2/2 - La Guerra del Peloponeso y el declive de Grecia (Historia)

Ancient Greece 4: The Greek Epoch 2/2 - The War of Peloponneso

This section discusses the War of Peloponneso, which took place between 431 and 336 BC in Ancient Greece. It explores the conflicts between the Delian League led by Athens and the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta, as well as the underlying causes of the war.

The Undeclared First Peloponnesian War

  • After the Persian Wars, tensions arose between Athens and Sparta due to disputes over control of certain polis and commercial interests.
  • These conflicts, along with the clash between oligarchy and democracy, led to what is known as the undeclared First Peloponnesian War.
  • The war ended with the Peace of 30 years, but thirteen years later, Polidea decided to leave the Delian League with support from Spartan allies like Corinth and Macedonia Pérdicas II.

Athens Intervenes

  • Athens intervened when Polidea rebelled against the Delian League.
  • They won the Battle of Potidaea and eventually captured Polidea after a three-year siege.
  • These actions, along with support from Córcida and a penalty imposed on Megara for changing sides, prompted Sparta to declare war on Athens for violating the peace agreement.

The Second Peloponnesian War

  • The Second Peloponnesian War broke out after Sparta declared war on Athens.
  • This phase of the war is known as the Archidamian War.
  • Spartan king Archidamus II invaded Attica and devastated its countryside.

Athen's Strategy

  • Athen's leader Pericles knew that their strength lay in their naval fleet but recognized that they would lose in a hoplitical battle against Sparta.
  • To protect themselves, Athenians took refuge behind the long walls and relied on their navy for supplies from the Black Sea and other parts of their empire.

The Plague

  • While Athens was holding out behind the long walls, a disease, possibly typhus or smallpox, spread rapidly through the crowded population.
  • The epidemic killed one-third of the population and weakened Athen's morale.
  • Despite this setback, Pericles urged his people to continue resisting.

Leadership Changes

  • After Pericles died from the plague in 429 BC, Nicias and Cleon emerged as prominent leaders in Athens.
  • Nicias advocated for peace with Sparta while Cleon, a radical democrat, wanted to continue fighting.
  • Cleon gained power and popularity among Athenians.

Shifts in Power

  • Sparta began gaining ground after taking Plataea and inciting revolts in cities like Mytilene on Lesbos Island.
  • Cleon managed to regain control over Lesbos but lost popularity when he proposed executing all men and selling women and children as slaves.

Civil War and Battle of Amphipolis

  • A civil war broke out in Corcyra between oligarchs and democrats.
  • In 425 BC, Athenians had an opportunity to end the war when they encircled Spartans on the island of Esfacteria. However, they did not capitalize on this advantage.
  • The Battle of Amphipolis resulted in the deaths of both Cleon and Brasidas. Peace negotiations led to the signing of Peace of Nicias.

Renewed Conflict

  • Corinth, Megara, and Boeotia Confederation allied with Sparta refused to sign the peace agreement.
  • Athenian leader Alcibiades formed an alliance with Argos, Mantineia, Elis, and other states in the Peloponnese.
  • However, this alliance was defeated at the Battle of Mantinea.

Invasion of Sicily

  • Athens received a request for aid from Segesta, Selinunte, and Syracuse in Sicily.
  • Alcibiades saw this as an opportunity to expand the Athenian empire and gain glory.
  • Nicias reluctantly joined Alcibiades on the expedition to Sicily.

Trouble in Sicily

  • Before setting sail for Sicily, there was a case involving Hermocópidas where statues of Hermes were mutilated. Alcibiades was implicated but left for Athens before standing trial.
  • In Sicily, there were some skirmishes, but then a boat arrived to take Alcibiades back to Athens due to the hermai incident.

The Disaster and Beginning of the End for Athens

This section discusses how a disaster marked the beginning of the end for Athens, as they lost one of their few shipbuilding members in the league.

The Disaster and its Consequences

  • Athens faced a major setback when they lost one of their key shipbuilding members in the league.
  • This loss had significant implications for Athens and contributed to their downfall.

Execution of Generals and Loss of Popular Support

In this section, we learn about the execution of generals, including Pericles' son, and how Cleon's proposal to execute all males and sell women and children as slaves led to a decline in his popularity.

Execution of Generals

  • Several generals, including Pericles' son, were executed during this period.
  • Cleon's proposal to execute all males and sell women and children as slaves resulted in a loss of popular support for him.

Battle of Egospótamos and Civil War in Córcira

This section highlights the Battle of Egospótamos as the final battle of the war. It also mentions a civil war that erupted in Córcira between oligarchs and democrats.

Battle of Egospótamos

  • In 405 BC, Lisandro attacked the grain supply route from Bosphorus to Athens.
  • Atenas fought back under strategos Conón in what became known as the Battle of Egospótamos.
  • The following year saw a civil war erupting in Córcira between oligarchs and democrats.

Imposition of Oligarchic Rule by Sparta

This section discusses the imposition of oligarchic rule by Sparta, the elimination of opposition, and the eventual return of democracy.

Imposition of Oligarchic Rule

  • After Athens surrendered due to a lack of food supply, Sparta imposed harsh conditions.
  • The government was replaced by an oligarchy known as the "30 Tyrants," led by figures like Terámenes and Critias.
  • Opposition to this regime led to its downfall and the return of democracy under Trasíbulo and exiled dissidents.

Battle of Delio and Subsequent Revolts

This section covers the Battle of Delio, where Athens had an advantage, but failed to end the war. It also mentions revolts instigated by Spartan general Brásidas.

Battle of Delio and Revolts

  • Athens had an advantage in the Battle of Delio against Beocia's confederation led by Tebas.
  • Despite this opportunity, Athens did not manage to bring an end to the war.
  • General Brásidas instigated revolts in some polis within Calcídica due to increased taxes imposed by Athens.

Peace Treaty and Return of Democracy

This section discusses the Peace Treaty signed after Cleon's death, which brought back democracy temporarily before further conflicts arose.

Peace Treaty and Return of Democracy

  • The Peace Treaty known as "Paz de Nicias" was signed after Cleon's death.
  • Atenas regained its democratic system temporarily under Trasíbulo's leadership.
  • However, tensions escalated with increased taxes on their league, leading to uprisings in certain polis instigated by Spartan general Brásidas.

Rebuilding of Spartan Hegemony and Alliance with Persia

This section highlights the rebuilding of Spartan hegemony, their alliance with Persia, and conflicts between Sparta and Athens.

Rebuilding of Spartan Hegemony

  • Spartans imposed diarchies in subjugated polis, leading to numerous revolts due to the previous democratic systems.
  • Corinto, Megara, and Beocia's confederation decided not to sign any agreements with Sparta.
  • Spartans formed an alliance with Ciro the Younger against his brother Artajerjes II, the Persian king.

War with Persia and the Battle of Mantinea

This section discusses the war between Sparta and Persia, as well as the Battle of Mantinea where both Cleon and Brásidas lost their lives.

War with Persia and Battle of Mantinea

  • The war between Sparta and Persia involved indirect conflicts between their allies.
  • Alcibíades, an Athenian strategist related to Pericles, aimed to gain glory by winning battles.
  • The Battle of Mantinea resulted in victory for Sparta after Cleon and Brásidas died.

Invasion of Sicily and Corinthian War

This section covers the invasion of Sicily by Athens, which led to a larger conflict known as the Corinthian War.

Invasion of Sicily and Corinthian War

  • Segesta sought help from Athens against Selinunte and Siracusa in Sicily.
  • Alcibíades saw this as an opportunity for Athenian expansion.
  • The Corinthian War erupted as a result, with Athens forming alliances against Spartan imperialism.

Battle of Cnido and Athenian Recovery

This section discusses the Battle of Cnido, where Athens defeated Sparta's naval hegemony, allowing them to rebuild their walls, fleet, and army.

Battle of Cnido and Athenian Recovery

  • The Persian-Athenian fleet, led by Conón, achieved victory in the Battle of Cnido.
  • This victory marked the end of Spartan naval dominance and enabled Athens to rebuild its military strength.
  • Before embarking on an expedition, the "Caso de los Hermocópidas" incident occurred.

The transcript is in Spanish.

Los cabrones se quedaron con Chipre y un montón de colonias de Asia Menor, Atenas retuvo algunas de sus cleruquías y Esparta recibió la orden de retirar a sus harmostas (jefes de guarniciones) y que se estuviese quietecita. Ya en Sicilia hubo alguna escaramuza, pero entonces llegó un barco para llevar a Alcibíades a Atenas, que le iban a joder vivo por el tema de los hermai.

This section discusses the aftermath of the war between Athens and Sparta. It mentions how Sparta gained control over Cyprus and several colonies in Asia Minor, while Athens retained some of its cleruchies. There were tensions in Sicily, but Alcibiades was brought back to Athens on a ship.

The Aftermath of the War

  • Sparta gained control over Cyprus and several colonies in Asia Minor.
  • Athens retained some of its cleruchies.
  • Tensions arose in Sicily.
  • Alcibiades was brought back to Athens on a ship.

Así que el estratego huyó al Peloponeso y se unió a Esparta a cambio de secretitos, como su inminente invasión a Siracusa. Mientras Nicias luchaba por tomar la colonia, Esparta envió al general Gilipo y les hizo trizas en la Batalla del Río Asinaro, y los supervivientes atenienses fueron esclavizados en las canteras de la isla.

This section describes how Alcibiades fled to the Peloponnese and joined forces with Sparta. He provided them with information about their imminent invasion of Syracuse. Meanwhile, Nicias was fighting to capture the colony, but Sparta sent General Gylippus who defeated them in the Battle of the Asinarus River. The surviving Athenians were enslaved in the quarries of the island.

Alcibiades and the Battle of Asinarus River

  • Alcibiades fled to the Peloponnese and joined forces with Sparta.
  • He provided information about Sparta's planned invasion of Syracuse.
  • Nicias led an attempt to capture the colony.
  • General Gylippus from Sparta defeated the Athenians in the Battle of the Asinarus River.
  • The surviving Athenians were enslaved in the quarries of Sicily.

Este desastre fue el principio del fin de Atenas. "Huston, tenemos un problema" Y aquí entramos en la tercera y última fase de la Guerra del Peloponeso, la llamada Guerra de Decelia. Otra vez Alcibíades se chivó al rey Agis II. Le dijo que una buena estrategia para tomar Atenas era controlar la fortaleza de Decelia, a 5 horas de Atenas, y los espartanos lo hicieron. Y además comenzaron a negociar con Persia una alianza.

This section marks a turning point for Athens as it discusses how their defeat in Sicily marked the beginning of their downfall. It introduces the third and final phase of the Peloponnesian War known as the War of Decelea. Alcibiades informed King Agis II that capturing Decelia would be a strategic move against Athens, which Spartans did successfully. Additionally, negotiations with Persia for an alliance began.

The War of Decelea and Alliance with Persia

  • The defeat in Sicily marked the beginning of Athens' decline.
  • The War of Decelea was the third and final phase of the Peloponnesian War.
  • Alcibiades informed King Agis II about capturing Decelia as a strategic move against Athens.
  • Spartans successfully captured Decelia, which was located 5 hours away from Athens.
  • Negotiations for an alliance with Persia began.

Esto ya fue la acabose para Atenas, que veía como todos los estados de la Liga del Delos desertaban. Y lo peor estaba por llegar: golpe de estado oligarca en la propia Atenas. Mientras que las clases pobres estaban de remeros de la flota en Samos, la Ekklesía aprobó el régimen de los 400, que instalaba una oligarquía en Atenas basada en la constitución de Solón. Uno de sus miembros fue el anciano filósofo Sócrates.

This section highlights the worsening situation for Athens as states in the Delian League started deserting them. It also mentions a coup d'état by oligarchs within Athens itself. While the lower classes were serving as rowers in the fleet at Samos, the Ekklesia approved a regime known as "The Four Hundred," which established an oligarchy based on Solon's constitution. One of its members was the elderly philosopher Socrates.

Desertion and Oligarchic Regime

  • States in the Delian League started deserting Athens.
  • A coup d'état by oligarchs occurred within Athens.
  • The Ekklesia approved "The Four Hundred," an oligarchic regime based on Solon's constitution.
  • The lower classes were serving as rowers in the fleet at Samos.
  • The elderly philosopher Socrates was one of the members of the oligarchic regime.

"No se puede fiar uno de nadie" Los que estaban en Samos formaron una flota democrática, liderados por el trierarco Trasíbulo. Alcibíades huyó de Esparta, parece ser porque se había follado a la mujer de Agis II, y consiguió aliarse con los demócratas, a pesar de los recelos que muchos sentían por este tipo.

This section discusses how those in Samos formed a democratic fleet led by Trierarch Thrasybulus. Alcibiades fled from Sparta, possibly because he had an affair with Agis II's wife, and managed to ally himself with the democrats despite some people's reservations about him.

Democratic Fleet and Alcibiades' Alliance

  • Those in Samos formed a democratic fleet led by Trierarch Thrasybulus.
  • Alcibiades fled from Sparta, possibly due to his affair with Agis II's wife.
  • He managed to ally himself with the democrats, despite some people's reservations about him.

Los 400 trataron de llegar a la paz con Esparta a toda costa, pero la negociación fue imposible, y el gobierno se fue a la mierda en favor del

New Section

This section discusses the creation of the Peltasts, a type of light infantry soldiers, and the end of the war with the Peace of Antalcidas or Peace of the King, mediated by Persia.

Creation of Peltasts

  • The ruler created the Peltasts, who were soldiers specialized in light infantry.

Peace of Antalcidas

  • The war ended with the Peace of Antalcidas or Peace of the King.
  • Persia acted as a mediator in this peace agreement.
  • Persia was also the main beneficiary of this peace agreement.
Video description

🚀➤Patreon → https://bit.ly/2E3zmkS 🎥➤Canal de Cine → https://bit.ly/2Q2hEmj 🐥➤Twitter → https://bit.ly/2YpvuCh 🖼➤Instagram → https://bit.ly/2JfEXIT 📮➤Facebook → https://bit.ly/2JBaMeK 🔏➤Mi Blog → https://bit.ly/2HgsRvI #Historia #GuerraDelPeloponeso #Documental EPISODIO 32 de PERO ESO ES OTRA HISTORIA (web serie documental) ANTIGUA GRECIA 4: La Época Clásica 2/2. La Guerra del Peloponeso y el declive de Grecia 0:00. Introducción 1:11. La Guerra del Peloponeso (431-404 a.C) 8:03. La hegemonía de Esparta (404-371 a.C) 10:36. La hegemonía de Tebas y la Guerra Social (371-355 a.C) 11:46. La invasión de la Macedonia de Filipo II (360-336 a.C) Tras las Guerras Médicas Atenas y Esparta lograron echar al invasor persa de sus tierras y en la ciudad Ática se desarrolló la democracia como nunca y Pericles convirtió Atenas en un gran imperio naval a través de su Liga de Delos. Todo parecía bonito, pero la rivalidad entre ambas polis acabó provocando una guerra civil conocida como la Guerra del Peloponeso. Tras la guerra de Arquídamo, la invasión a Sicilia y la toma de Decelia la guerra acabó con la caída de la democracia a manos del régimen de los 400 que Alcibíades y Trasíbulo lograron derrocar, pero Esparta acabó imponiendo un régimen de 30 tiranos y se hizo la polis hegemónica de toda Grecia. Tebas y su confederación beocia también obtendrían su parte del pastel, pero todo acabaría para estas polis cuando Filipo II rey de Macedonia se metió en asuntos griegos. Y se hizo con el control de todo. --------------- 'Pero eso es otra Historia' es una serie documental semanal emitida a través de Youtube que busca ser un resumen divertido de toda la historia de la humanidad, desde la creación de la Tierra hasta la actualidad. Si buscas curiosidades sobre la Historia, este es tu sitio.