Formulación inorgánica. HIDRUROS metálicos, no metálicos y haluros de hidrógeno.
Introduction to Hydrides
Overview of Hydrides
- The lesson introduces hydrides, emphasizing that hydrogen typically acts with a valence of 1, which can be either positive or negative.
- It is explained that the position of hydrogen in a compound indicates its valence: left signifies positive and right signifies negative.
Types of Compounds Formed with Hydrogen
- Three types of compounds are identified: metallic hydrides, non-metallic hydrides, and hydrogen alloys.
- Non-metallic hydrides involve hydrogen with elements from groups 13, 14, or 15.
- Hydrogen alloys consist of hydrogen combined with elements from groups 16 or 17.
- Metallic hydrides include all other combinations involving metals.
Formulating Examples
Example: Calcium Hydride
- The example begins with "calcium hydride," where calcium (Ca) is noted for its left-side position indicating a positive valence.
- The instructor explains how to determine the formula by crossing the valences: calcium has a valence of +2 while hydrogen has +1.
Example: Manganese Dihydride
- For "dihydride manganese," it is mentioned that this follows systematic nomenclature using prefixes to indicate multiple atoms (di-hydrogen).
Naming Conventions
Stock vs. Systematic Naming
- The discussion transitions into naming conventions:
- Stock nomenclature uses Roman numerals to denote the metal's oxidation state when necessary.
- Systematic naming employs prefixes like "mono" for one atom and "di" for two atoms.
Example: Mercury Hydride
- In discussing mercury (Hg), it’s highlighted that mercury can have multiple oxidation states; thus, its name must reflect this variability in stock nomenclature.
Further Examples and Clarifications
Potassium Hydride Naming
- When naming potassium hydride, it's noted that potassium only has one oxidation state (+1), so no prefix is needed unless there are multiple possible states.
Iron Hydride Complexity
- For iron (Fe), which has multiple oxidation states (+2 and +3), both stock and systematic names are discussed. The need for clarity in naming due to these variations is emphasized.
Final Notes on Copper Hydride
Copper's Valency Considerations
Hidridos No Metálicos y su Nomenclatura
Introducción a los Hidridos No Metálicos
- Se presentan los hidridos no metálicos, que son compuestos que combinan un elemento de ciertos grupos con hidrógeno. Es importante aprender sus nombres tradicionales.
- Los hidridos no metálicos tienen una nomenclatura específica; por ejemplo, aquellos del grupo 15 terminan en "ano". Excepciones como "arcina" se mencionan.
Clasificación de Hidridos
- Se discuten ejemplos específicos: silano (SiH₄), metano (CH₄), amoníaco (NH₃), fosfano (PH₃), asano (AsH₃) y estivano (SbH₃). Cada uno pertenece a diferentes grupos de la tabla periódica.
Combinaciones con Elementos del Grupo 16
- Al combinar hidrógeno con elementos del grupo 16, se debe tener en cuenta la valencia. Por ejemplo, el sulfuro de hidrógeno se forma al cruzar las valencias del azufre y el hidrógeno.
- La nomenclatura tradicional para estos compuestos incluye términos como "ácido sulfídico" o "ácido telurídico", dependiendo del elemento combinado.
Combinaciones con Elementos del Grupo 17
- En el caso de los elementos del grupo 17, la valencia es uno tanto para el halógeno como para el hidrógeno. Ejemplos incluyen flúor, cloro, bromo y yodo combinados con hidrógeno.