Sesión 4. El derecho a la ciudad en América Latina: sentidos y alcances

Buenos días y bienvenida a la cátedra colombiana

The session introduces the fourth thematic lecture on Colombian citizenship, integrity, and anti-corruption efforts. It focuses on good city governance in Latin America from practical and political perspectives.

Introduction to the Lecture

• Participants from Central America, various public entities, and students across different locations of the National University are welcomed.

• Three distinguished professors specializing in urban issues are introduced for discussions on the right to the city in Latin America.

Discussion on the Right to the City in Latin America

The conversation delves into theoretical and practical aspects of the right to the city concept as applied in Latin American contexts.

Professor Julio Calderón's Presentation

• Introduction of Professor Julio Calderón's background and expertise in sociology and urban research.

• Professor Calderón's notable roles within academia and urban development initiatives.

• Warm welcome extended to Professor Calderón for his insights on today's topic.

Insights on the Right to the City Concept

• Discussion on historical perspectives of the right to the city concept in Peru since 2021.

• Evolution of legal frameworks regarding urban development rights in Peru.

Theoretical Foundations of Right to the City

Exploring theoretical underpinnings of Henri Lefebvre's concept of "the right to the city" and its implications for urban studies.

Henri Lefebvre's Contribution

• Origin of "the right to the city" concept by French philosopher Henri Lefebvre in 1967.

• Significance of distinguishing between use value and exchange value within urban spaces.

Urban Studies Perspectives

• Influence of Lefebvre's ideas on collective action, social movements, and urban rights discourse.

New Section

The discussion revolves around the concept of the right to the city, emphasizing the contradiction between societal socialization and increasing segregation within urban spaces.

Understanding the Right to the City

• There is a contradiction between societal socialization and widespread segregation in cities, leading to distinct social groups occupying different spaces.

• The right to a transformed urban life encompasses both material and symbolic aspects, reflecting a contradiction between use value and exchange value.

• The resurgence of the right to the city is attributed to urban social movements, particularly focusing on housing rights and exemplified by Brazil's City Statute.

• Harvey highlights that the resurgence of this right is driven by urban social movements rather than academic discourse or neoliberal democracy.

• Movements advocating for housing, land rights, subsidies, and participatory budgets form an "insurgent citizenship," challenging traditional capitalist development models.

Exploring Urban Challenges

The conversation delves into specific urban challenges faced in Latin America, such as gentrification, displacement, and the rise of precarious labor forces.

Urban Challenges in Latin America

• Urban struggles encompass diverse demands like housing for homeless individuals, access to clean water, combating gentrification, and preventing displacement of low-income populations.

• The fight for the city involves various specific battles tailored to address unique needs like housing insecurity and geographical displacement due to economic shifts.

• The emergence of a significant precariat in Latin America distinguishes it from traditional proletariats, highlighting a shift towards informal labor markets with daily uncertainties.

• Harvey advocates for reimagining society by addressing demands from tenants, LGBTQ groups, and public space users as not just recreational but also political arenas.

• A dialectical tension exists between heterotopias (diverse urban practices) and isotropy (standardized spatial order), reflecting contradictions within state-driven capitalism.

Reflection on Urban Dynamics

This segment reflects on theoretical frameworks proposed by Harvey regarding the right to the city while considering diverse group dynamics shaping urban landscapes.

Analyzing Urban Dynamics

• Harvey's theoretical perspectives guide discussions on understanding urban dynamics through contrasting heterotopias with standardized spatial orders influenced by state-capitalism interactions.

• The right to the city emerges across various groups within cities rather than being exclusive to marginalized populations seeking basic amenities like housing or sanitation.

Detailed Discussion on the Right to the City

In this section, the speaker delves into the concept of the right to the city, emphasizing informal settlements and urban structures.

Exploring the Right to the City

• The speaker prefers to put "structure" in quotes when discussing an obviously structuralist approach to urban structure.

• Emphasizes the importance of considering informal settlements when discussing the right to the city.

• Raises concerns about how focusing solely on formalization may perpetuate acceptance of poverty and inadequate living conditions.

• Advocates for policies that address both formalization and informal settlement integration to avoid perpetuating misery and inadequate living conditions.

Challenges in Urban Development

This part highlights challenges in urban development, particularly addressing illegal and informal urban structures.

Formulating Urban Policies

• Discusses the challenge of formulating policies that prevent illegal and informal urban integration into established urban structures.

• Presents a dichotomy between informal settlements and state-built social housing as key debates in Latin America since the 1960s.

Examples of Urban Conflicts

The speaker provides examples of conflicts related to urban development, illustrating tensions between different interests.

Case Studies

• Examines a case study involving defending Parque Castilla against high-end real estate development in a middle-class district.

• Describes another conflict regarding opposition to building a viaduct connecting Lima's airport with tourist districts due to potential negative impacts on existing communities.

Infrastructure Projects and Social Impact

This segment focuses on proposed infrastructure projects' social implications and community responses.

Infrastructure Development

Desarrollo Urbano y Derecho a la Ciudad

In this section, the discussion revolves around urban development and the right to the city, emphasizing the relationship between capital and labor in shaping urban policies.

Capital-Labor Dynamics in Urban Policies

• Urban policies not only benefit capital but also aim to discipline and provide certain comforts to workers.

• Current urban management prioritizes facilitating capitalist flows over improving living conditions for the workforce.

• Accumulation of both capital and labor in cities leads to challenges in employing marginalized groups like street vendors and unemployed youth.

• Shifts in capital accumulation have led to a surplus of labor force without formal employment opportunities, impacting urban governance strategies.

• Urban governance focuses more on territorial connectivity for capital rather than addressing workforce needs, highlighting a disconnect between economic transformation and population welfare.

Urbanismo y Territorio: Retos y Perspectivas

This segment delves into the complexities of urban planning, territory rights, and their implications for addressing societal challenges.

Urban Planning Challenges

• The discussion transitions from conceptualizing cities to examining how these concepts manifest in Latin American cities like Lima.

• The conversation sets the stage for exploring the right to the city further by introducing Professor Carlos Torres as an expert on urbanism and informal settlements.

• Professor Torres' background underscores his expertise in researching urban access, housing, and informality within Colombia's context.

Derecho a la Ciudad y al Territorio: Herramientas para Afrontar Crisis

This part shifts focus towards discussing the intersection of city rights with territorial rights as tools for crisis management.

City Rights & Territory Discussion

• Delving into discussions about both city rights and territorial rights becomes crucial amid evolving global demographics favoring urban living.

New Section

The concept of a city is explored from various perspectives, including historical, geographical, sociological, economic, and artistic viewpoints.

Understanding the Concept of a City

• Cities are complex entities with no single theoretical definition. Various disciplines view cities differently.

• Different scholars like Spliner, Lewis Mumford, and Alberti offer diverse insights into cities from historical, social welfare, economic dependency on trade and industry, and architectural grandeur perspectives.

• Ben Wilson highlights cities as human habitats shaping inhabitants profoundly despite being harsh environments that can impact individuals negatively.

New Section

The essence of a city as a human agglomeration shaped by history to fulfill collective aspirations is discussed.

The City as a Collective Creation

• Cities are human conglomerations evolving through history to meet collective aspirations and express societal desires.

• Cities are considered humanity's greatest invention due to their diversity, adaptability to time and chance factors in composition.

• Urban areas should ideally facilitate collective problem-solving and societal progress but may not align with this theoretical ideal in Colombian urban development.

New Section

Transition from rural to urban living in Colombia is examined along with the uneven distribution of urbanization across regions.

Urbanization Trends in Colombia

• Colombia shifted from predominantly rural to mostly urban over time based on census data showing increased urban populations.

• Colombia's municipal structure reflects high population concentration in urban areas compared to other regions within the country.

New Section

Evolution of urban development in Colombia is traced through historical maps showcasing growth patterns over decades.

Mapping Urban Development

• Historical maps illustrate the progression of urbanization primarily along the Andes Mountains and Atlantic coast since 1851 until modern structured urban networks emerge.

The Evolution of Cities and Territories

The discussion delves into the transformation of cities and territories over time, influenced by factors such as technological advancements, social complexities, and economic models.

Impact of Technological Advancements on Urban Development

• The introduction of automobiles, access to pavement, steel, and concrete revolutionized urban development.

• Transition from trams to buses signifies the evolving spatial conditions in cities due to technological progress.

Social Complexity and Urban Growth

• Cities are shaped by political, social, economic dynamics alongside physical transformations.

• Urban dwellers in the 21st century prefer city life over rural migration due to technological advancements and globalization.

Influence of Economic Models on Urban Planning

• Latin American cities reflect a blend of formal and informal production modes under capitalist neoliberalism.

• Shift from welfare state construction to market-regulated states impacts urban services privatization.

Challenges in City Development

The conversation explores challenges faced in urban development related to market forces influencing public services privatization and societal disparities.

Market Forces Shaping Urban Landscape

• Market forces dictate urban planning decisions leading to privatization of public services like electricity, telecommunications, and transportation.

Coexistence of Formal and Informal Production Modes

• Latin American cities exhibit a mix of formal and informal production sectors impacting social structures.

Territorial Conflicts: Sustainability vs. Economic Development

• Territorial conflicts arise between environmental sustainability for future generations versus capital-driven economic development.

Territorial Challenges in Colombia

The discourse sheds light on territorial conflicts in Colombia encompassing land disputes, environmental concerns, and societal vulnerabilities.

Diverse Territorial Disputes

• Land disputes involve indigenous communities, Afro-descendants, energy projects impacting agriculture diversity.

Environmental Concerns and Societal Vulnerabilities

• Issues include illegal mining activities, climate change impacts, inadequate land use planning affecting water resources.

Social Struggles within Colombian Territory

Informal Economy and Urban Issues

The discussion revolves around economic informality, migration, urban displacement, mobility challenges, mining within urban areas, urban discontent, popular mandate revocations, and various social issues affecting cities.

Economic Informality and Urban Challenges

• Key urban problems include:

• Social attention due to increased poverty and misery.

• Job creation and income generation.

• Deficits in housing and habitat.

• Community participation and civic culture.

• Difficulty accessing urban facilities.

Historical Context of Urban Conflicts

• Major issues encompass:

• Socio-spatial segregation increase.

• Impact of the current city model based on real estate circulation.

Persistence of Mobility Issues

• Challenges like mobility deficits remain unresolved historically due to inadequate solutions proposed over time.

Violence in Colombian History

This part delves into the historical context of violence in Colombia from the post-independence period to contemporary times.

Historical Evolution of Violence

• Insights on historical violence include:

• Post-independence era marked by civil wars, local conflicts, international wars with Ecuador, military coups.

Conflict Resolution Through Armed Confrontation

• Over two centuries, conflicts have been resolved through armed confrontations leading to social upheavals and ongoing complexities.

Urban Conflict Dynamics

Focuses on how conflict dynamics have shifted towards urban settings in Colombia over time.

Transition to Urban Conflict

• Shift towards urban conflict seen since the '90s with Medellín's Operation Orion as a notable example.

Contemporary Urban Insecurities

Discussion on Urban Development and Rights

The discussion delves into the intersection of urban development, community struggles, and the realization of rights within cities.

Community Struggles and Urban Projects

• Community efforts prevented the complete removal of trees for a partial development plan, reflecting urban struggles against large-scale projects like urban renewal and gentrification.

• Urban projects related to mobility and real estate play a crucial role in materializing the right to the city as a tool to address current crises.

Evolution of Rights Discourse

• The evolution from individual human rights to collective rights highlights state responsibility in managing resources for equitable distribution among populations.

• Historical documents like the 1948 Declaration and the 1968 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights laid the foundation for collective rights but required further specification for effective implementation.

The Concept of Right to the City

Exploring theoretical underpinnings and practical implications of the right to the city concept.

Collective Nature of Right to the City

• The right to the city is deemed a collective human right that necessitates both individual enjoyment and collective struggle for attainment.

• Theoretical frameworks by scholars like David Harvey emphasize collective action in securing urban rights beyond individual entitlement.

Global Discourse on Urban Rights

• International events have sparked discussions on defining and advocating for the right to the city as a strategy championed by civil society groups.

• Notably, initiatives such as the Charter for the Right to the City emerged from global forums, empowering local collectives with tools for advancing urban rights agendas.

Historical Context of Urban Struggles

Tracing historical movements shaping contemporary urban struggles and demands for rights fulfillment.

Legacy of Urban Movements

• Long-standing popular movements have fueled ongoing urban disputes since at least late 1960s, rooted in demands for equitable access to essential services and infrastructure.

New Section

In this section, the speaker discusses the shift from class struggles to social movements in the 1970s, highlighting the emergence of various interest groups in urban areas that diversify conflicts.

Evolution of Social Movements

• The transition from class-based struggles to diverse social movements like student, peasant, worker, and popular movements occurred in the 1970s. These movements fragmented conflicts.

• Various interest groups such as youth, mothers, community recyclers, LGBTQ+, Afro-Colombians emerged, engaging in anti-globalization fights against imperialism, war, and climate change.

• Understanding the right to the city and territory involves grasping urbanization dynamics influenced by capitalist development models and structural adjustments.

• Urban discontent arises due to unresolved urban rights issues leading to protests and movements escalating over time since November 2019.

• Recent events like Javier Ordóñez's murder in September 2020 and the April 2021 social outburst reflect ongoing urban struggles beyond city boundaries.

New Section

This segment delves into how urban struggles mirror broader societal issues while emphasizing fragmented urban demands compared to centralized power control.

Urban vs. Centralized Struggles

• Urban discontent stems from unmet rights reflecting a growing movement since November 2019 through various incidents like Javier Ordóñez's killing in September 2020.

• The escalation culminated in the April 2021 social upheaval encompassing feminist mobilizations, abortion rights advocacy, teacher protests alongside other labor disputes.

• Urban dynamics manifest a quest for liberal rights materialization embedded long ago but unrealized due to persistent challenges within cities.

New Section

This part acknowledges how city dynamics encapsulate national issues while shaping distinct local movements with unique agendas and expressions.

City Dynamics Reflection

• Cities serve as microcosms reflecting national complexities and problems while nurturing specific local struggles with defined agendas and expressive forms.

• The interplay between countrywide demands for city rights mirrors Latin American contexts like Colombia where city aspirations align with broader national concerns.

New Section

Introducing Professor Germán Noguera's background before delving into his expertise on ethical governance related to sustainability and valuation within cities.

Introduction of Professor Germán Noguera

• Professor Germán Noguera brings a wealth of experience in mechanical engineering with specializations in finance and environmental studies from Universidad de los Andes.

Understanding the Concept of "Right to the City"

In this section, the speaker delves into the specific objectives of the lecture, focusing on examining the characteristics and significance of cities, particularly exploring the concept of the "right to the city."

Exploring Definitions of a City

• The discussion transitions from previous sessions that covered topics like what constitutes a city and living in diverse urban environments.

• Various perspectives on defining a city are highlighted, referencing historical contexts such as ancient Athens and modern metropolises.

Defining a City from an Engineering Perspective

• Cities are defined as infrastructure developed for community habitation, addressing needs related to public services, mobility, education, health, and recreation.

• Engineers face challenges in resolving urban problems and meeting evolving needs through infrastructure development.

Urban Infrastructure and Community Dynamics

• Urban areas require efficient resource utilization to address public service delivery, emergency response systems, safety measures, healthcare facilities, among others.

• Cities serve as spaces for living, socializing, surviving; thus necessitating regulations promoting civic culture and ethical behavior.

Importance of Territorial Planning Instruments

This segment emphasizes key planning tools like territorial ordering plans and territorial development plans crucial for sustainable urban growth.

Significance of Territorial Planning Tools

• Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT) is discussed as a technical planning instrument guiding municipal territory development over short to long terms.

• Different sizes of municipalities dictate variations in territorial planning structures such as POT or Esquema de Ordenamiento Territorial.

Role of Development Plans in Governance

• Plans de Desarrollo Territorial complement territorial orders by outlining actions for efficient resource allocation during governance periods.

Desarrollo del Territorio y Planes de Desarrollo

In this section, the discussion revolves around different perspectives on territorial development through a broad, participatory, plural, and inclusive process. It also touches upon the main characteristics of territorial development plans and their alignment with government programs.

Vision for Territorial Development

• The importance of addressing inequality as a significant challenge affecting human well-being and future prospects.

• Highlighting the issue of wealth distribution disparity globally and within countries, leading to extreme poverty and challenges faced by the middle class.

• Examining regional disparities in poverty indicators within countries, emphasizing higher poverty rates in certain regions compared to others.

Inequality, Discrimination, and Social Issues

This part delves into various forms of discrimination prevalent in society such as gender-based discrimination, social violence outbreaks like those witnessed in Colombia and Chile, and the detrimental impact of corruption on resource management.

Addressing Inequality and Discrimination

• Differentiating between equality (equal resource distribution) and equity (resource allocation based on need), highlighting challenges faced by marginalized populations.

• Discussing discrimination issues related to gender, race, religion, social status, sexual orientation, identity which are exacerbated in urban settings due to population concentrations.

Social Challenges

• Exploring gender inequality where women face greater obstacles than men in professional advancement or societal integration.

• Reflecting on social violence outbreaks like those experienced in Colombia and Chile that disrupt leisure spaces intended for well-being but instead become venues for violence.

Environmental Sustainability and Global Development Goals

This segment focuses on environmental challenges impacting society such as global warming, pollution of water bodies, urban waste management issues alongside the significance of sustainable development goals set by the United Nations.

Environmental Concerns

• Addressing environmental threats including global warming, water pollution from urban areas impacting surrounding environments.

• Emphasizing proper solid waste management practices including recycling initiatives to combat environmental degradation.

Sustainable Development Goals

• Introducing the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aligning economic growth with social welfare and environmental conservation efforts.

Planetary Goals and Sustainable Development

In this section, the speaker discusses various planetary goals related to marine life, terrestrial ecosystems, poverty eradication, equity, education, prosperity, peace, and anti-corruption efforts.

Planetary Goals

• The speaker outlines specific objectives such as ending poverty, achieving zero hunger, ensuring healthy lives for all ages, providing quality education in cities and rural areas.

• Emphasis is placed on promoting gender equality, clean water and sanitation access, affordable energy, decent work and economic growth.

• Goals include sustainable industrialization and infrastructure development to reduce inequalities and promote sustainable cities and communities.

Challenges of Urban Development

This part delves into the challenges faced by urban areas globally due to rapid population growth leading to issues like inadequate infrastructure, environmental degradation, vulnerability to disasters, and social disparities.

Urban Challenges

• Ensuring access to adequate housing and basic services while improving marginalized neighborhoods is crucial for sustainable urban development.

• Efforts are needed to protect cultural and natural heritage while reducing disaster-related deaths. Providing universal access to green spaces is essential for inclusive urban environments.

Sustainable Urban Development Initiatives

The discussion shifts towards initiatives promoting sustainable urban development through integrated planning approaches that balance economic, social, and environmental aspects.

Sustainable Initiatives

• Cities worldwide are leveraging opportunities through integrated urban planning strategies incorporating data-driven decision-making processes.

New Section

In this section, the speaker discusses the new urban agenda and its role in accelerating sustainable development goals, particularly focusing on creating inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements.

New Urban Agenda Objectives

• The new urban agenda serves as an accelerator for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 11, which aims to create inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities.

• It emphasizes five main pillars: national urban policies, urban legislation and regulations, urban planning and design, local economy and municipal finances, and local implementation.

• These pillars encompass dimensions such as social sustainability (empowerment of marginalized groups), gender equity, economic sustainability (job creation), environmental sustainability, spatial sustainability (urban density), and the right to the city.

New Section

This part delves into the implementation of the right to the city concept. It defines the right to the city as encompassing various rights for all inhabitants to live in fair, inclusive, safe, sustainable cities defined as common goods for dignified living.

Implementation of Right to the City

• The right to the city entails rights for all present and future inhabitants to inhabit, use transform govern cities fairly.

• Cities are considered common goods shared by all community members for dignified living.

• The concept has gained momentum in recent decades driven by social movements aiming for just diverse inclusive cities.

New Section

This segment explores how the concept of smart cities has evolved from a technical perspective towards a broader framework involving social aspects alongside technological advancements.

Evolution of Smart Cities Concept

• Initially viewed from an engineering standpoint as a technical matter evolving into a broader concept integrating sustainability efficiency citizen participation innovation governance social inclusion.

• Smart city definitions now emphasize broader aspects beyond digital enhancement including sustainability efficiency citizen engagement innovation governance social inclusion.

• The shift signifies technology serving societal economic environmental needs rather than solely technical considerations.

New Section

Here we delve into what constitutes an intelligent city or territory emphasizing actions towards sustainability inclusivity collaboration innovation communication benefiting societal economic environmental transformation.

Characteristics of Intelligent Cities

• An intelligent city or territory directs actions towards sustainability inclusivity adapting challenges expectations ensuring well-being collaboration innovation continuous communication with all stakeholders institutions serving as tools for societal economic environmental transformation.

New Section

In this section, the speaker discusses the concept of good city governance, focusing on aspects such as inclusive cities, sustainable and healthy cities, peaceful cities, and educational cities. The upcoming topics for detailed discussion include open government, urban leadership, urban trust, and social cohesion.

Understanding Good City Governance

• The speaker introduces the idea of good city governance encompassing inclusive cities, sustainable and healthy cities, peaceful cities, and educational cities.

• Acknowledgment extended to Eduardo, the chairperson, National University professors Torres and Calderón for their participation.

• Transition to a question-and-answer session with topics like conceptual issues related to the right to the city and urban justice.

• Discussion on how the right to the city impacts urban justice concepts like democratization of public space and its integration into city governance agendas.

Exploring Urban Justice

This part delves into the intersection between the right to the city and urban justice from different perspectives.

Interplay of Right to City and Urban Justice

• Professor Calderón shares insights on how the right to the city contributes to urban justice by combating segregation and inequality in urban spaces.

• Delving deeper into distinguishing between recognizing injustice in spatial contexts versus advocating for rights within legal frameworks.

Justice vs. Law: A Complex Relationship

This segment dissects the intricate relationship between justice as a subjective perception and law as an objective legal framework.

Navigating Justice vs. Law

• Professor highlights discrepancies between personal perceptions of justice versus legal mandates that may not always align with individual moral compasses.

• Illustration provided where legality might conflict with personal notions of justice regarding punitive measures.

Implications of Right to City on Urban Justice

This part explores how incorporating the right to the city influences notions of urban justice within societal frameworks.

Impact of Right to City on Urban Justice

• Discussion on how enforcing norms through legal frameworks shapes behaviors within urban settings concerning access rights and discrimination prevention.

New Section

In this section, the speakers discuss the various rights and principles related to urban environments and the concept of the "right to the city."

Rights and Principles in Urban Environments

• The right to the city encompasses a range of rights such as access to a healthy environment, public transportation, leisure, information, freedom of assembly, respect for minorities, ethnic diversity, cultural heritage preservation, and more.

• It is emphasized that the right to the city is not merely an abstract concept but a set of guiding principles for societal development that should be realized in urban settings.

• The discussion highlights that these rights should not remain abstract but need to be materialized through good governance practices and inclusion in urban agendas and government policies.

• Implementing the right to the city aims at addressing issues of injustice within society by promoting ethical values like equity, respect, and non-discrimination for all individuals.

Form of Governance and Urban Development

In this section, the discussion revolves around governance, urban development, and the role of societal interests in shaping cities.

Form of Governance

• The city is a social product shaped by societies, determining its territory and configuration.

• Urban projects often prioritize large investments over collective planning, leading to governance issues.

• Cities should reflect the majority's interests rather than those in power at a given time.

• Building consensus is crucial for effective urban planning beyond formal instruments like territorial plans.

Urban Development Challenges

• Bogotá's territorial planning has been imposed through decrees by administrations, lacking consensus-building.

• Transport systems like TransMilenio may not meet the diverse mobility needs of a city like Bogotá due to focus on capital-intensive projects over public interest.

The Right to the City and Urban Development

This segment delves into the concept of the right to the city and its implications for urban development.

Right to the City

• The right to the city prompts a reevaluation of urban development towards meeting societal needs over unlimited growth.

• Participation processes in urban planning should be more than consultative but also decision-making for true citizen involvement.

Sustainable Urban Development

• Sustainability encompassing social, economic, and environmental aspects is vital for balanced urban growth.

Discussion on Urban Development

The speaker discusses the issue of urban development, highlighting the concern that cities are expanding more in terms of land than population density, which can have negative impacts on urban areas.

Urban Growth and Density

• Cities are growing more in land area than in population density.

• Expansive urban growth can harm cities and is not synonymous with urban development.

Upcoming Topics and Closing Remarks

The speaker provides insights into future topics to be covered in the course and announces an upcoming quiz for participants.

Future Course Content

• Next unit will focus on discussions related to good governance, public policy, and governmental practices.

• Participants will have a quiz in 15 days based on the content covered in the first unit of the course.