Sahara occidental : les enjeux d’un conflit qui s’éternise | Géopoliticus | Lumni
History and Conflict of Western Sahara
Overview of Western Sahara's Historical Context
- The Western Sahara, located between Morocco and Mauritania, is rich in resources and represents the last unresolved post-colonial conflict in Africa.
- From 1884 to 1975, it was a Spanish protectorate. Spain withdrew in 1975 amid decolonization movements, leading to territorial claims by Morocco.
Territorial Claims and International Involvement
- Morocco claims the territory as part of its historical empire from the 12th century; however, the Sahrawi people seek independence.
- The UN General Assembly referred the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which recognized Sahrawi self-determination but did not grant explicit sovereignty.
Escalation of Conflict
- Dissatisfied with the ICJ ruling, Moroccan King Hassan II initiated the Green March in 1975, mobilizing 350,000 civilians towards Western Sahara under military protection.
- Following this show of force, Spain signed the Madrid Accords, ceding control to Morocco and Mauritania.
Resistance Movements
- The Sahrawi resistance organized under the Polisario Front with significant support from Algeria, which provided refuge for insurgent leaders and many refugees.
- In February 1976, rebels declared the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). By 1979, Mauritania withdrew after signing a peace treaty.
Ongoing Tensions and Current Status
- Despite Mauritania's withdrawal, conflicts continued with Morocco deploying troops and constructing defensive structures like "the Sand Wall."