Evolución de los Sistemas Operativos
History of Operating Systems
Evolution of Operating Systems
- The evolution of operating systems is closely tied to the architecture of computers. The first real digital computer was designed by Charles Babbage in 1792, but it was never fully operational due to technological limitations.
- Babbage's analytical machine, a purely mechanical design, could not function properly because the precision required for its components was unattainable with the technology of his time.
First Generation (1945-1955)
- The first generation of computers utilized vacuum tubes and were massive, occupying entire rooms. They were significantly slower than modern personal computers.
- During this era, one individual would design, build, program, operate, and maintain each machine. Programming was done in absolute machine language.
Second Generation (1955-1965)
- With the introduction of transistors, computers became more reliable. This period saw a separation between designers and operators.
- Programmers wrote programs on paper before creating punched cards to input into machines. Operators managed the execution and output processes.
- Batch processing systems emerged as a solution to reduce wait times; jobs were collected and processed together using magnetic tape.
Third Generation (1965-1980)
- This generation introduced integrated circuits and multiprogramming capabilities. Two types of computers emerged: those for scientific calculations and commercial use.
- IBM's System/360 aimed to address both needs with compatible software across different models while being effective for both scientific and commercial applications.
- Despite its complexity and numerous errors requiring updates, System/360 met many customer needs effectively during this period.
Key Developments in Processing
- A significant challenge was managing input/output time; solutions included partitioning memory so that multiple jobs could utilize CPU resources simultaneously.
Shared Time Techniques and the Evolution of Personal Computers
The Concept of Shared Time in Computing
- The technique of shared time, a variant of multiprogramming, allows multiple users to connect to a system simultaneously. For instance, if 20 users are online but only 3 require CPU service, the unused CPU can be allocated to those active jobs.
Growth of Mini Computers
- The development of mini computers marked a significant advancement in computing technology, expanding capabilities beyond traditional systems.
Emergence of Personal Computers (1980-1990)
- During the fourth generation (1980-1990), personal computers became more powerful and were widely used by businesses, universities, and government facilities. These larger personal computers are often referred to as workstations.
User-Friendly Software Interfaces
- As computer hardware advanced, software also evolved with user-friendly interfaces designed for individuals unfamiliar with computing. This shift made technology more accessible to non-experts.
Operating Systems Development
- Early operating systems like MS-DOS from Microsoft and UNIX dominated markets that did not utilize Intel processors. Initial versions were basic but gradually incorporated advanced features.
High-Performance Workstations
- High-performance workstations equipped with Harris SC technology offered microcomputer power dedicated to single users while still being part of broader networked environments.
Network Operating Systems and Distributed Systems
- The rise of network operating systems allowed multiple computers to connect and share resources seamlessly. Users could execute local operations while accessing remote files across different machines.
Advancements in Distributed Operating Systems