Historia de la Educación Secundaria En México.
History of Secondary Education in Mexico
Early Foundations of Secondary Education
- The discussion begins with a historical overview of secondary education in Mexico, highlighting its evolution up to 2002.
- A significant early reference is the Ley de Institución from 1865, which organized secondary schools modeled after the French system and set a curriculum duration of seven to eight years.
- This law established state control over secondary education, marking an important regulatory step.
Key Legislative Developments
- In 1915, the Congreso Pedagogico de Veracruz led to the Ley Educación Popular del Estado, enacted on October 4th that year.
- This event is seen as pivotal for instituting and regulating secondary education in Mexico.
- The decree defined secondary education and separated it from preparatory education.
Objectives and Implementation Challenges
- The purpose was to provide practical instruction bridging elementary knowledge and professional university studies.
- However, classes only began in 1916 for students who completed elementary education; objectives distinguishing this level were not clearly defined at that time.
Reorganization Efforts in the 1920s
- In December 1923, Dr. Bernardo Castellum proposed reorganizing preparatory studies based on experiences from Veracruz.
- His proposal emphasized clear distinctions for secondary schools as extensions of primary education aimed at correcting deficiencies and fostering social cooperation among students.
Establishment of Federal Secondary Schools
- Following Castellum's project approval by the University Council, it was promulgated by Secretary José Basconcenos.
- Moisés Sains later created the Department of Secondary Schools overseeing four institutions initially.
Revolutionary Educational Initiatives
- The first federal secondary school was established on former convent grounds as part of President Flutardo Elias Calles' educational reforms.
- Calles sent a commission abroad to study educational systems for adaptation within Mexico.
Presidential Decrees Strengthening Secondary Education
- In 1925, two presidential decrees solidified plans for secondary education: one authorized creating secondary schools (August 29), while another established a general direction for their administration (December 22).
Nature and Goals of Secondary Education
- Since then, secondary education has been viewed as an extension of primary schooling focused on general student development rather than specialization.
- By 1926, efforts were made to reach more youth through public schooling initiatives aimed at cultural dissemination across all social classes.
Flexibility and Institutional Development
- The structure allowed flexible teaching methods with various pathways leading to different future activities.
- Over time distinct institutional forms emerged leading to what are now known as general modalities like "secundaria técnica" and "tele-secundaria."
Admission Requirements Evolution
- As demand increased in 1928, new admission requirements were set including proof of primary completion and medical exams alongside psychopedagogical tests.
- By 1932 objectives regarding social roles were revised along with study plans ensuring alignment with primary content.
Academic Preparation Focus
- Emphasis was placed on preparing students academically while instilling necessary study habits for success in post-secondary studies.
History of Secondary Education in Mexico
Formation of Secondary Education Institutions
- In 1936, the Instituto de Preparación de Profesorado de Enseñanza Secundaria was established to train secondary school teachers.
- By 1939 and 1940, the department of secondary education evolved into a general directorate for secondary education, leading to a unified type of secondary schools.
- The new structure mandated a three-year training period, resulting in what is now known as the general secondary modality.
Evolution of Educational Modalities
- Until 1858, there was only one type of secondary education referred to as general education.
- To differentiate from technical secondary education, which included science and humanities along with technological activities aimed at preparing students for work between 1964 and 1970.
Expansion and Demand for Education
- Augustine Janis served as Secretary of Public Education during this transformative period.
- The educational system responded to increasing demands due to rapid population growth and significant expansion in educational access.
Introduction of Telesecundaria
- In 1968, telesecundaria began as an experimental program and integrated into the educational system by the following year.
- This form of secondary education targeted rural communities, relying on one teacher per grade who taught all subjects with support from television materials and didactic guides.
Agricultural Secondary Schools Development
- During this government period, rural normal schools and agricultural practices were transformed into agricultural secondary schools in 1967.
Key Historical Events in Education Reform