La época colonial hasta 1760 (Cap. 2)

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The current state of Mexican society is influenced by the colonial era and Spanish domination. This period lasted for three centuries, from the fall of Mexico in 1521 to the proclamation of independence. The integration of European and indigenous cultures occurred through force and commitment, resulting in a mix of Spanish and indigenous customs.

Colonial Era

• The colonial era in Mexico began after the fall of Mexico in 1521 and ended with the proclamation of independence.

• Spanish domination during this period shaped the political cohesions of New Spain.

• Integration between Europeans and indigenous people was achieved through force and commitment.

• Spanish customs persisted alongside indigenous activities and customs.

Conquest of Mesoamerica

• In the late 15th century, Castilla kings participated actively in commercial markets, leading to Christopher Columbus' voyage in search of India.

• The conquest of Mesoamerica was guided by Hernán Cortés, who formed alliances with enemies of the Mexicans.

• Resistance movements arose against Spanish rule, culminating in "The Triste Night" episode where Spanish soldiers were expelled from Tenochtitlan.

Spanish Domination

• A dominion of stability was established between the Spanish conquerors and local rulers.

• The presence of the Spanish was consolidated through reducing indigenous activities.

• Power struggles among conquerors led to conflicts over positions and appointments.

• The implementation of family systems and concentration policies helped control the population.

Influence of Catholic Church

• The rise of missionary friars allowed for integration between indigenous peoples and Catholicism.

• Churches were founded, dedicated to specific saints who became patrons for their communities.

Timestamps are approximate.

The Establishment of the Temido Tribunal

This section discusses the establishment of the Temido Tribunal by the tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in 1571 during Spanish domination in the New World.

The Temido Tribunal

• The Temido Tribunal was established by the tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in 1571.

• It remained throughout the entire Spanish domination in the New World.

Cultural Manifestations and Religious Work

This section explores cultural manifestations and religious work during this time period, highlighting figures such as Freitoribio de MC and Fraibernardino de Saguun.

Cultural Expressions and Religious Work

• During this time, there were rich expressions of cultural mixtures.

• Fray Toribio de Motolinia (Freitoribio de MC) and Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (Fraibernardino de Saguun) reaffirmed positive aspects of Christian religious work.

• They worked to rescue old Mexican knowledge through historical and linguistic studies.

• Monasteries played a significant role in spreading fire, life, and knowledge.

• Other activities included exploitation of mines, agriculture, and trade.

Emergence of a Distinct Identity

This section discusses how New Spain began to develop its own identity during this period.

Development of an Identity

• New Spain started to establish its own identity around 1600.

• There was a cultural flowering with architecture, art, literature, music, and scientific knowledge.

• Works by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz were significant contributions to literature.

• Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora made important contributions to scientific knowledge.

Mestizaje and Influence on Culture

This section explores the influence of mestizaje (racial and cultural mixing) on various aspects of New Spain's culture.

Influence of Mestizaje

• Mestizaje influenced various aspects of New Spain's culture, including cuisine, clothing, language, popular music, and dance.

• Oriental and African influences were present in silk, ivory, ceramics, games, and festivities.

Religious Cults and the Virgin of Guadalupe

This section focuses on religious cults in New Spain and the significance of the Virgin of Guadalupe.

Religious Cults and the Virgin of Guadalupe

• Various religious cults existed in New Spain with a Marian character.

• The Virgin of Guadalupe became particularly significant from 1648 onwards.

• The devotion to the Virgin of Guadalupe remains strong throughout Mexico.

Formation of an Independent Mexico

This section discusses how New Spain developed its own identity leading to the formation of independent Mexico.

Formation of Independent Mexico

• By the mid-18th century, New Spain had established its own identity as a colonial territory.

• Efforts towards an authentic Mexican identity were led by a small elite group.

• Regional feelings and individuality played a role in shaping social and cultural life.

Spanish Influence and Ascendancy

This section explores Spanish influence in New Spain and their increasing ascendancy in administrative and economic matters.

Spanish Influence

• Spanish-born individuals gradually gained more influence in administrative and economic spheres.

• The Spanish crown exerted direct political control over New Spain.

• Political appointments allowed Spanish families to intervene directly in government affairs.

American Freedom under Spanish Rule

This section highlights the freedom enjoyed by Americans under Spanish rule due to the Spanish crown's inability to limit and govern them effectively.

American Freedom

• The Spanish crown struggled to limit and govern the American territories effectively.

• This gave Americans a significant degree of freedom in their actions.

New Spain's Role in Defense

This section discusses how New Spain played a role in defending other Spanish dominions, such as the Philippines, Santo Domingo, Florida, and Cuba.

Defense of Other Spanish Dominions

• From 1630 onwards, New Spain's military forces were deployed to defend other Spanish territories.

• Almost half of New Spain's fiscal income was allocated for this purpose.

Economic Growth and Colonial Trade

This section explores the economic growth of New Spain through colonial trade and its impact on society.

Economic Growth

• The economy of New Spain experienced significant growth due to colonial trade.

• Agricultural production thrived, especially in mining regions like Chihuahua, Alamos, Guanajuato, Real del Monte, and Taxco.

• However, this wealth did not prevent crises within the monarchy.

Rise of Corruption and Inequality

This section highlights the rise of corruption and inequality within New Spain during this period.

Corruption and Inequality

• The Crown's policies led to increased corruption and inequality within New Spain.

• The sale of political positions allowed certain families to gain more influence.

• Social stratification between Spaniards and indigenous people persisted since the early days of conquest.

Threats from European Powers

This section discusses threats faced by the Spanish Empire from British, French, and Dutch forces in the Caribbean region.

Threats from European Powers

• British pirates attacked Veracruz and Campeche in 1684.

• The French established Louisiana, and the English took control of Jamaica.

• These events posed a threat to Spanish influence in the region.

The transcript is not in English, but the summary and study notes are provided in English as requested.

Despotism and Reforms in New Spain

This section discusses the arrival of the Bourbon dynasty in France and its impact on Spain's rule over New Spain. It also explores the reforms implemented by King Carlos III, including changes to colonial bureaucracy and the introduction of new taxes that damaged the economy.

Arrival of the Bourbon Dynasty

• The rule of New Spain depended on the arrival of an heir from the house of Bourbon, who ruled France.

• The domestic of Austria-Burgo was substituted with a new king, Carlos III, inspired by despotism.

Reforms by King Carlos III

• King Carlos III implemented unfair modifications to replace the inefficient and corrupt colonial bureaucracy.

• Severe forms of taxes were introduced, causing damage to the economy and resentment among the people of New Spain towards the Bourbon government.

Population and Configuration of New Spain

• The population of New Spain in 1750 consisted mainly of less than 20,000 Spanish peninsula rulers and four and a half million inhabitants, with various ethnic backgrounds.

• New Spain was involved in various aspects such as economy, communications, culture, and artistic manifestations centered around Mexico City.

Changes in Autonomy and Wealth Distribution

• During the 17th century, there was relative autonomy in New Spain, allowing wealth to remain within its colonial state.

• However, reforms by the crown changed policies leading to wealth being subtracted for Spanish lands.

Social and Economic Differences

• There was intolerance towards positions held by those from New Spain due to recent dispositions that did not consider its rich but unequal society.

• The measures forced inequality and caused intense misunderstanding due to social and economic differences in the colonial society.

Conclusion

This section concludes the discussion on despotism and reforms in New Spain, highlighting the societal divisions caused by social and economic differences.

Societal Divisions

• The colonial society of New Spain was marked by intense misunderstandings caused by social and economic differences.

• These divisions were a result of 300 years of domination and the recent measures that forced inequality.